Umbhali: UYamin Li noHoucheng Liu, njll., abavela eKolishi Lezolimo, eSouth China Agriculture University

Umthombo Wesihloko: Ukulima Okuluhlaza Okwesibhakabhaka

Izinhlobo zezindawo zokulima izitshalo zifaka phakathi izindawo zokugcina izithombo zepulasitiki, izindawo zokugcina izithombo zelanga, izindawo zokugcina izithombo zezitshalo eziningi, kanye nezimboni zezitshalo. Ngenxa yokuthi izakhiwo zezindawo zivimba imithombo yokukhanya yemvelo ngezinga elithile, akukho ukukhanya okwanele ngaphakathi endlini, okunciphisa isivuno sezitshalo kanye nekhwalithi. Ngakho-ke, ukukhanya okwengeziwe kudlala indima ebalulekile ezitshalweni zekhwalithi ephezulu nezikhiqiza kakhulu zesikhungo, kodwa futhi kube yisici esikhulu ekwandeni kokusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nezindleko zokusebenza kulesi sikhungo.

Isikhathi eside, imithombo yokukhanya yokwenziwa esetshenziswa emkhakheni wezolimo zezakhiwo ihlanganisa kakhulu isibani se-sodium esinomfutho ophezulu, isibani se-fluorescent, isibani se-halogen sensimbi, isibani se-incandescent, njll. Izinkinga ezivelele ukukhiqizwa kokushisa okuphezulu, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla aphezulu kanye nezindleko zokusebenza eziphezulu. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-diode ekhipha ukukhanya yesizukulwane esisha (i-LED) kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukusebenzisa umthombo wokukhanya wokwenziwa onamandla aphansi emkhakheni wezolimo zezakhiwo. I-LED inezinzuzo zokusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwe-photoelectric ephezulu, amandla e-DC, ivolumu encane, impilo ende, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla aphansi, ubude obungaguquki, imisebe yokushisa ephansi kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nesibani se-sodium esinomfutho ophezulu kanye nesibani se-fluorescent esivame ukusetshenziswa njengamanje, i-LED ayikwazi ukulungisa kuphela inani lokukhanya kanye nekhwalithi (isilinganiso sokukhanya okuhlukahlukene kwebhendi) ngokuya ngezidingo zokukhula kwezitshalo, futhi ingakhanyisa izitshalo kude ngenxa yokukhanya kwayo okubandayo, Ngakho-ke, inani lezingqimba zokulima kanye nesilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kwesikhala kungathuthukiswa, futhi imisebenzi yokonga amandla, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye nokusetshenziswa kahle kwesikhala okungenakushintshwa umthombo wokukhanya wendabuko ingafezeka.

Ngokusekelwe kulezi zinzuzo, i-LED isetshenziswe ngempumelelo ekukhanyiseni kwezitshalo, ucwaningo oluyisisekelo lwendawo elawulwayo, ukukhuliswa kwezicubu zezitshalo, izithombo zefektri yezitshalo kanye ne-ecosystem yezindiza. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukusebenza kokukhanyisa kwe-LED kuyathuthuka, intengo iyehla, futhi zonke izinhlobo zemikhiqizo ezinama-wavelength athile ziyathuthukiswa kancane kancane, ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa kwayo emkhakheni wezolimo kanye ne-biology kuzoba kubanzi.

Lesi sihloko sifingqa isimo socwaningo lwe-LED emkhakheni wezolimo zezitshalo, sigxile ekusetshenzisweni kokukhanya kwe-LED okungeziwe esisekelweni sebhayoloji yokukhanya, izibani ze-LED ezikhulisa ukwakheka kokukhanya kwezitshalo, ikhwalithi yokudla okunempilo kanye nomthelela wokulibazisa ukuguga, ukwakhiwa nokusetshenziswa kwefomula yokukhanya, futhi sihlaziya kanye namathemba ezinkinga zamanje kanye namathemba obuchwepheshe bokukhanya kwe-LED okungeziwe.

Umphumela wokukhanya okwengeziwe kwe-LED ekukhuleni kwezitshalo zezitshalo

Imiphumela yokulawula yokukhanya ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezitshalo ihlanganisa ukuhluma kwembewu, ukunwebeka kwesiqu, ukuthuthukiswa kwamaqabunga nezimpande, i-phototropism, ukwakheka kwe-chlorophyll kanye nokubola, kanye nokufakwa kwezimbali. Izinto ezikhanyisayo endaweni zihlanganisa ukuqina kokukhanya, umjikelezo wokukhanya kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwe-spectral. Izinto zingalungiswa ngokufakwa kokukhanya okwenziwe ngaphandle komkhawulo wezimo zezulu.

Okwamanje, kunezinhlobo okungenani ezintathu zama-photoreceptor ezitshalweni: i-phytochrome (emunca ukukhanya okubomvu kanye nokukhanya okubomvu kakhulu), i-cryptochrome (emunca ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye nokukhanya okuseduze kwe-ultraviolet) kanye ne-UV-A kanye ne-UV-B. Ukusetshenziswa komthombo wokukhanya we-wavelength othize ukukhanyisela izitshalo kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-photosynthesis kwezitshalo, kusheshise i-morphogenesis yokukhanya, futhi kukhuthaze ukukhula kanye nentuthuko yezitshalo. Ukukhanya okubomvu oku-orenji (610 ~ 720 nm) kanye nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka oku-violet (400 ~ 510 nm) kwasetshenziswa ku-photosynthesis yezitshalo. Kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-LED, ukukhanya kwe-monochromatic (njengokukhanya okubomvu okune-peak engu-660nm, ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okune-peak engu-450nm, njll.) kungakhishwa ngokuhambisana nebhendi yokumunca enamandla kakhulu ye-chlorophyll, kanti ububanzi besizinda se-spectral buyi-± 20 nm kuphela.

Okwamanje kukholelwa ukuthi ukukhanya okubomvu-orenji kuzosheshisa kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo, kukhuthaze ukuqongelela kwezinto ezomile, ukwakheka kwama-bulb, izimila, ama-bulb amaqabunga nezinye izitho zezitshalo, kubangele izitshalo ukuba ziqhakaze futhi zithele izithelo kusenesikhathi, futhi kudlale indima ehamba phambili ekuthuthukisweni kombala wezitshalo; Ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kungalawula i-phototropism yamaqabunga ezitshalo, kukhuthaze ukuvulwa kwe-stomata kanye nokunyakaza kwe-chloroplast, kuvimbele ukunwebeka kwesiqu, kuvimbele ukwelulwa kwezitshalo, kubambezele ukuqhakaza kwezitshalo, futhi kukhuthaze ukukhula kwezitho zezitshalo; ukuhlanganiswa kwama-LED abomvu naluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kungabuyisela ukukhanya okunganele kombala owodwa walokhu okubili futhi kwakha isiqongo sokumuncwa kwe-spectral esivumelana ngokuyisisekelo ne-photosynthesis yezitshalo kanye nesimo. Izinga lokusetshenziswa kwamandla okukhanya lingafinyelela ku-80% kuya ku-90%, futhi umphumela wokonga amandla ubalulekile.

Ifakwe izibani ezengeziwe ze-LED ekulimeni kwezitshalo kungafinyelela ukwanda okukhulu kakhulu ekukhiqizweni. Izifundo zibonise ukuthi inani lezithelo, umkhiqizo ophelele kanye nesisindo sikatamatisi ngamunye we-cherry ngaphansi kokukhanya okwengeziwe okungu-300 μmol/(m²·s) imichilo ye-LED kanye namashubhu e-LED amahora ayi-12 (8:00-20:00) kukhushulwe kakhulu. Ukukhanya okwengeziwe komchilo we-LED kukhushulwe ngo-42.67%, 66.89% kanye no-16.97% ngokulandelana, kanti ukukhanya okwengeziwe komchilo we-LED kukhushulwe ngo-48.91%, 94.86% kanye no-30.86% ngokulandelana. Ukukhanya okwengeziwe kwe-LED kwesibani sokukhulisa i-LED phakathi nesikhathi sonke sokukhula [isilinganiso sokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka singu-3:2, kanti amandla okukhanya angama-300 μmol/(m²·s)] kungakhuphula kakhulu ikhwalithi yesithelo esisodwa kanye nesivuno endaweni ngayinye ye-chiehwa kanye ne-eggplant. I-Chikuquan ikhuphuke ngo-5.3% kanye no-15.6%, kanti i-eggplant ikhuphuke ngo-7.6% kanye no-7.8%. Ngekhwalithi yokukhanya kwe-LED kanye nokuqina kwayo kanye nobude besikhathi sokukhula sonke, umjikelezo wokukhula kwezitshalo ungafinyezwa, isivuno sezentengiselwano, ikhwalithi yokudla okunempilo kanye nenani lokwakheka kwemikhiqizo yezolimo kungathuthukiswa, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo zezitshalo ezitshalwe endaweni yokusebenza kahle kakhulu, okonga amandla kanye nokuhlakaniphile kungatholakala.

Ukusetshenziswa kokukhanya kwe-LED ekutshalweni kwezithombo zemifino

Ukulawula ukuma kwezitshalo kanye nokukhula kanye nentuthuko ngomthombo wokukhanya we-LED kuwubuchwepheshe obubalulekile emkhakheni wokutshala izitshalo eziluhlaza okotshani. Izitshalo eziphakeme zingazwa futhi zithole izimpawu zokukhanya ngezinhlelo ze-photoreceptor ezifana ne-phytochrome, i-cryptochrome, kanye ne-photoreceptor, futhi zenze izinguquko ze-morphological ngokusebenzisa izithunywa zangaphakathi kweseli ukulawula izicubu nezitho zezitshalo. I-Photomorphogenesis isho ukuthi izitshalo zithembele ekukhanyeni ukulawula ukuhlukahluka kwamaseli, izinguquko zesakhiwo kanye nokusebenza, kanye nokwakheka kwezicubu nezitho, okuhlanganisa nethonya ekuhlumeni kwezinye imbewu, ukukhuthaza ukubusa kwe-apical, ukuvimbela ukukhula kwamahlumela aseceleni, ukunwebeka kwesiqu, kanye ne-tropism.

Ukutshalwa kwezithombo zemifino kuyingxenye ebalulekile yezolimo zesikhungo. Isimo sezulu esinemvula esiqhubekayo sizobangela ukukhanya okunganele esakhiweni, futhi izithombo zivame ukunwebeka, okuzothinta ukukhula kwemifino, ukwahluka kwamahlumela ezimbali kanye nokukhula kwezithelo, futhi ekugcineni kuthinte isivuno kanye nekhwalithi yazo. Ekukhiqizeni, ezinye izilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo, njenge-gibberellin, i-auxin, i-paclobutrazol kanye ne-chlormequat, zisetshenziselwa ukulawula ukukhula kwezithombo. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa okungenangqondo kwezilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo kungangcolisa kalula indawo yemifino kanye nezikhungo, impilo yabantu ingaba yimbi.

Ukukhanya okwengeziwe kwe-LED kunezinzuzo eziningi eziyingqayizivele zokukhanya okwengeziwe, futhi kuyindlela engenzeka yokusebenzisa ukukhanya okwengeziwe kwe-LED ukukhulisa izithombo. Ekuhlolweni kokukhanya okwengeziwe kwe-LED [25±5 μmol/(m²·s)] okwenziwe ngaphansi kokukhanya okuphansi [0~35 μmol/(m²·s)], kutholakale ukuthi ukukhanya okuluhlaza kukhuthaza ukunwebeka nokukhula kwezithombo zekhukhamba. Ukukhanya okubomvu nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuvimbela ukukhula kwezithombo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhanya okubuthakathaka kwemvelo, inkomba yezithombo enamandla efakwe ukukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ikhuphuke ngo-151.26% kanye no-237.98%, ngokulandelana. Uma kuqhathaniswa nekhwalithi yokukhanya kwe-monochromatic, inkomba yezithombo ezinamandla equkethe izingxenye ezibomvu neziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngaphansi kokwelashwa kokukhanya okuhlanganisiwe kwesengezo sokukhanya ikhuphuke ngo-304.46%.

Ukwengeza ukukhanya okubomvu ezitshalweni zekhukhamba kungandisa inani lamaqabunga angempela, indawo yamaqabunga, ukuphakama kwesitshalo, ububanzi besiqu, ikhwalithi eyomile nentsha, inkomba eqinile yezithombo, amandla ezimpande, umsebenzi we-SOD kanye nokuqukethwe kwamaprotheni ancibilikayo ezitholweni zekhukhamba. Ukwengeza i-UV-B kungandisa okuqukethwe kwe-chlorophyll a, i-chlorophyll b kanye nama-carotenoids emaqabunga ezithombo zekhukhamba. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhanya kwemvelo, ukwengeza ukukhanya kwe-LED okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kungandisa kakhulu indawo yamaqabunga, ikhwalithi yezinto ezomile kanye nenkomba eqinile yezithombo zekhukhamba. Ukwengeza ukukhanya okubomvu kwe-LED kanye nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kukhulisa kakhulu ukuphakama kanye nobukhulu besiqu sezithombo zekhukhamba. Ukwelashwa kokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwe-LED kungandisa kakhulu i-biomass yezithombo zekhukhamba kanye notamatisi, futhi isisindo esisha nesomile sezithombo sanda ngokwanda kokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kuyilapho isiqu esijiyile kanye nenkomba eqinile yezithombo zekhukhamba konke kulandela ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ukwanda kwamandla kuyanda. Ukuhlanganiswa kokukhanya okubomvu kwe-LED nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kungandisa ubukhulu besiqu, indawo yamaqabunga, isisindo esomile sesitshalo sonke, isilinganiso sempande kuya ekuhlumeni, kanye nenkomba eqinile yezithombo zesitshalo seqanda. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhanya okumhlophe, ukukhanya okubomvu kwe-LED kungandisa i-biomass yezithombo zeklabishi futhi kukhuthaze ukukhula okude kanye nokukhula kwamaqabunga ezithombo zeklabishi. Ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwe-LED kukhuthaza ukukhula okujiyile, ukuqongelela izinto ezomile kanye nenkomba eqinile yezithombo zeklabishi, futhi kwenza izithombo zeklabishi zibe mfushane. Imiphumela engenhla ikhombisa ukuthi izinzuzo zezithombo zemifino ezitshalwe ngobuchwepheshe bokulawula ukukhanya zisobala kakhulu.

Umphumela wokukhanya okwengeziwe kwe-LED kwikhwalithi yokudla okunempilo yezithelo nemifino

Iphrotheni, ushukela, i-organic acid kanye nevithamini equkethwe ezithelweni nasemifino yizinto zokudla ezizuzisa impilo yabantu. Ikhwalithi yokukhanya ingathinta okuqukethwe yi-VC ezitshalweni ngokulawula umsebenzi wokwenziwa kwe-VC kanye ne-enzyme ebolile, futhi ingalawula ukusebenza kweprotheni kanye nokuqongelela kwama-carbohydrate ezitshalweni zezitshalo. Ukukhanya okubomvu kukhuthaza ukuqongelela kwama-carbohydrate, ukwelashwa kokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuyazuzisa ekwakhekeni kwamaprotheni, kuyilapho ukuhlanganiswa kokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kungathuthukisa ikhwalithi yokudla okunempilo yezitshalo kakhulu kuneyokukhanya kwe-monochromatic.

Ukwengeza ukukhanya kwe-LED okubomvu noma okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunganciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-nitrate ku-lettuce, ukwengeza ukukhanya kwe-LED okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma okuluhlaza kungakhuthaza ukuqongelela ushukela oncibilikayo ku-lettuce, futhi ukwengeza ukukhanya kwe-LED oku-infrared kusiza ekuqongeleleni kwe-VC ku-lettuce. Imiphumela ikhombisile ukuthi ukwengeza ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kungathuthukisa okuqukethwe kwe-VC kanye nokuqukethwe kwamaprotheni ancibilikayo kutamatisi; ukukhanya okubomvu kanye nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okuhlanganisiwe kungakhuthaza okuqukethwe ushukela kanye ne-asidi kutamatisi, futhi isilinganiso soshukela ne-asidi sasiphezulu kakhulu ngaphansi kokukhanya okubomvu okuhlanganisiwe okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka; ukukhanya okubomvu okuhlanganisiwe okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kungathuthukisa okuqukethwe kwe-VC ku-cucumber fruit.

Ama-phenol, ama-flavonoid, ama-anthocyanins nezinye izinto ezisezithelweni nasemifino azigcini nje ngokuba nethonya elibalulekile embala, ukunambitheka kanye nenani lezimpahla zezithelo nemifino, kodwa futhi zinomsebenzi wemvelo wokulwa nama-antioxidant, futhi zingavimbela noma zisuse ngempumelelo ama-free radical emzimbeni womuntu.

Ukusebenzisa ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwe-LED ukuze kuhlanganiswe ukukhanya kungakhuphula kakhulu okuqukethwe kwe-anthocyanin esikhumbeni se-eggplant ngo-73.6%, kuyilapho ukusebenzisa ukukhanya okubomvu kwe-LED kanye nokuhlanganiswa kokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kungakhuphula okuqukethwe kwe-flavonoids kanye nama-phenol aphelele. Ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kungakhuthaza ukuqongelela kwe-lycopene, ama-flavonoid kanye nama-anthocyanins ezithelweni zikatamatisi. Ukuhlanganiswa kokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwe-anthocyanins ngezinga elithile, kodwa kuvimbela ukwenziwa kwe-flavonoids. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokwelashwa kokukhanya okumhlophe, ukwelashwa kokukhanya okubomvu kungakhuphula kakhulu okuqukethwe kwe-anthocyanin kwamahlumela e-lettuce, kodwa ukwelashwa kokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunokuqukethwe okuphansi kakhulu kwe-anthocyanin. Okuqukethwe okuphelele kwe-phenol kweqabunga eliluhlaza, iqabunga elinsomi kanye neqabunga elibomvu le-lettuce kwakuphakeme ngaphansi kokukhanya okumhlophe, ukukhanya okuhlanganisiwe okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye nokwelashwa kokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kodwa kwakuphansi kakhulu ngaphansi kokwelashwa kokukhanya okubomvu. Ukwengeza ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet kwe-LED noma ukukhanya okuwolintshi kungakhuphula okuqukethwe kwamakhemikhali e-phenolic emaqabunga e-lettuce, kuyilapho ukwengeza ukukhanya okuluhlaza kungakhuphula okuqukethwe kwe-anthocyanins. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kokukhanya kwe-LED kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokulawula ikhwalithi yokudla okunempilo yezithelo nemifino ekulimeni kwezitshalo endaweni.

Umphumela wokukhanya okwengeziwe kwe-LED ekulweni nokuguga kwezitshalo

Ukuwohloka kwe-chlorophyll, ukulahleka okusheshayo kwamaprotheni kanye ne-RNA hydrolysis ngesikhathi sokukhula kwezitshalo kubonakala kakhulu njengokukhula kwamaqabunga. Ama-chloroplast azwela kakhulu ezinguqukweni endaweni yokukhanya yangaphandle, ikakhulukazi ethintwa yikhwalithi yokukhanya. Ukukhanya okubomvu, ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye nokukhanya okuhlanganisiwe okubomvu-okwesibhakabhaka kuhambisana nokwakheka kwe-chloroplast, ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuhambisana nokuqongelela kwezinhlamvu zesitashi kuma-chloroplast, futhi, ukukhanya okubomvu kanye nokukhanya okubomvu kakhulu kunomthelela omubi ekuthuthukisweni kwe-chloroplast. Ukuhlanganiswa kokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye nokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kungakhuthaza ukwakheka kwe-chlorophyll emaqabunga ezithombo zekhukhamba, futhi ukuhlanganiswa kokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nakho kungabambezela ukuncishiswa kokuqukethwe kwe-chlorophyll yamaqabunga esigabeni sokugcina. Lo mphumela usobala kakhulu ngokuncipha kwesilinganiso sokukhanya okubomvu kanye nokwanda kwesilinganiso sokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Okuqukethwe kwe-chlorophyll kwamaqabunga ezithombo zekhukhamba ngaphansi kokwelashwa kokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwe-LED kwakuphakeme kakhulu kunalokho ngaphansi kokulawulwa kokukhanya okukhanyayo kanye nokwelashwa kokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okukodwa. Ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwe-LED kungakhuphula kakhulu inani le-chlorophyll a/b lezitshalo zeWutacai kanye negalikhi eluhlaza.

Ngesikhathi sokuguga, kuba nama-cytokinins (CTK), auxin (IAA), izinguquko zokuqukethwe kwe-abscisic acid (ABA) kanye nezinguquko ezahlukahlukene emsebenzini we-enzyme. Okuqukethwe kwama-hormone ezitshalo kuthintwa kalula yindawo yokukhanya. Izimfanelo zokukhanya ezahlukene zinemiphumela ehlukile yokulawula kuma-hormone ezitshalo, futhi izinyathelo zokuqala zendlela yokudlulisela isignali yokukhanya zifaka ama-cytokinins.

I-CTK ikhuthaza ukwanda kwamaseli amaqabunga, ithuthukisa i-photosynthesis yamaqabunga, ngenkathi ivimbela imisebenzi ye-ribonuclease, i-deoxyribonuclease kanye ne-protease, futhi ibambezela ukuwohloka kwama-nucleic acid, amaprotheni kanye ne-chlorophyll, ngakho-ke ingabambezela kakhulu ukuguga kwamaqabunga. Kukhona ukuxhumana phakathi kokukhanya kanye nokulawulwa kokuthuthukiswa okuqondiswa yi-CTK, futhi ukukhanya kungakhuthaza ukwanda kwamazinga e-cytokinin emvelo. Lapho izicubu zezitshalo zisesimweni sokuguga, okuqukethwe kwazo kwe-cytokinin engokwemvelo kuyancipha.

I-IAA igxile kakhulu ezingxenyeni zokukhula okunamandla, futhi kunokuqukethwe okuncane kakhulu ezicutshini noma ezithweni ezigugayo. Ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kungandisa umsebenzi we-indole acetic acid oxidase, futhi amazinga aphansi e-IAA angavimbela ukunwebeka nokukhula kwezitshalo.

I-ABA yakhiwa kakhulu ezicutshini zamaqabunga asekhulile, izithelo ezivuthiwe, imbewu, iziqu, izimpande nezinye izingxenye. Okuqukethwe kwe-ABA kwekhukhamba neklabishi ngaphansi kokuhlanganiswa kokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuphansi kunokukhanya okumhlophe nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

I-Peroxidase (POD), i-superoxide dismutase (SOD), i-ascorbate peroxidase (APX), i-catalase (CAT) yizona enzyme ezivikelayo ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi ezihlobene nokukhanya ezitshalweni. Uma izitshalo ziguga, imisebenzi yalezi enzyme izoncipha ngokushesha.

Izimfanelo ezahlukene zokukhanya zinemiphumela ebalulekile emisebenzini ye-enzyme ye-antioxidant yezitshalo. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-9 zokwelashwa kokukhanya okubomvu, umsebenzi we-APX wezithombo ze-rape wanda kakhulu, kanti umsebenzi we-POD wehla. Umsebenzi we-POD katamatisi ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-15 zokukhanya okubomvu nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka wawuphakeme kunokukhanya okumhlophe ngo-20.9% kanye no-11.7%, ngokulandelana. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-20 zokwelashwa kokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, umsebenzi we-POD katamatisi wawuphansi kakhulu, u-55.4% kuphela wokukhanya okumhlophe. Ukwengeza ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwamahora angu-4 kungakhuphula kakhulu okuqukethwe kweprotheni encibilikayo, imisebenzi ye-POD, SOD, APX, kanye ne-CAT enzyme emaqabunga ikhukhamba esigabeni sokutshala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisebenzi ye-SOD ne-APX yehla kancane kancane ngokwandiswa kokukhanya. Umsebenzi we-SOD ne-APX ngaphansi kokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokukhanya okubomvu wehla kancane kodwa uhlala uphakeme kunokukhanya okumhlophe. Ukukhanya okubomvu kunciphisa kakhulu imisebenzi ye-peroxidase kanye ne-IAA peroxidase yamaqabunga katamatisi kanye ne-IAA peroxidase yamaqabunga e-eggplant, kodwa kwabangela ukuthi umsebenzi we-peroxidase wamaqabunga e-eggplant wande kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukwamukela isu lokukhanya okwengeziwe kwe-LED elifanele kungalibazisa ngempumelelo ukuguga kwezitshalo zezitshalo ezisetshenziswa endaweni futhi kuthuthukise isivuno nekhwalithi.

Ukwakhiwa nokusetshenziswa kwefomula yokukhanya kwe-LED

Ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo kuthinteka kakhulu yikhwalithi yokukhanya kanye nezilinganiso zokwakheka kwazo ezihlukene. Ifomula yokukhanya ihlanganisa ikakhulukazi izinto eziningana ezifana nesilinganiso sekhwalithi yokukhanya, ukuqina kokukhanya, kanye nesikhathi sokukhanya. Njengoba izitshalo ezahlukene zinezidingo ezahlukene zokukhanya kanye nezigaba ezahlukene zokukhula nokuthuthukiswa, inhlanganisela engcono kakhulu yekhwalithi yokukhanya, ukuqina kokukhanya kanye nesikhathi sokwengeza ukukhanya kuyadingeka ezitshalweni ezitshaliwe.

 ◆Isilinganiso se-spectrum yokukhanya

Uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhanya okumhlophe kanye nokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okukodwa, inhlanganisela yokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwe-LED inenzuzo enkulu ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezithombo zekhukhamba neklabishi.

Uma isilinganiso sokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka singu-8:2, ukujiya kwesiqu sesitshalo, ukuphakama kwesitshalo, isisindo esomile sesitshalo, isisindo esisha, inkomba eqinile yezithombo, njll., kuyanda kakhulu, futhi kuyasiza ekwakhekeni kwe-chloroplast matrix kanye ne-basal lamella kanye nomphumela wezindaba zokuhlanganiswa.

Ukusetshenziswa kwenhlanganisela yekhwalithi ebomvu, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye neluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuma-sprout ebhontshisi abomvu kuzuzisa ekuqongeleleni kwawo okomile, kanti ukukhanya okuluhlaza kungakhuthaza ukuqongelelana okomile kwama-sprout ebhontshisi abomvu. Ukukhula kusobala kakhulu uma isilinganiso sokukhanya okubomvu, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka singu-6:2:1. Umphumela we-hypocotyl elongation yemifino ye-sprout yemifino ye-red bean sprout wawungcono kakhulu ngaphansi kwesilinganiso sokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka esingu-8:1, kanti i-hypocotyl elongation ye-red bean sprout yayivinjelwe ngokusobala ngaphansi kwesilinganiso sokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka esingu-6:3, kodwa okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni ancibilikayo kwakuyikona okuphezulu kakhulu.

Uma isilinganiso sokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka singu-8:1 sezithombo ze-loofah, inkomba yezithombo eqinile kanye nokuqukethwe ushukela oncibilikayo kwezithombo ze-loofah kuphakeme kakhulu. Uma usebenzisa ikhwalithi yokukhanya enesilinganiso sokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okungu-6:3, okuqukethwe yi-chlorophyll a, isilinganiso se-chlorophyll a/b, kanye nokuqukethwe kwamaprotheni ancibilikayo ezithombo ze-loofah kwaba phezulu kakhulu.

Uma usebenzisa isilinganiso esingu-3:1 sokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ku-celery, kungakhuthaza ngempumelelo ukwanda kokuphakama kwesitshalo se-celery, ubude be-petiole, inani lamaqabunga, ikhwalithi yento eyomile, okuqukethwe yi-VC, okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni ancibilikayo kanye nokuqukethwe ushukela oncibilikayo. Ekutshalweni kukatamatisi, ukwandisa isilinganiso sokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwe-LED kukhuthaza ukwakheka kwe-lycopene, ama-amino acid amahhala nama-flavonoid, futhi ukwandisa isilinganiso sokukhanya okubomvu kukhuthaza ukwakheka kwama-acid afanele. Uma ukukhanya okunesilinganiso sokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kumaqabunga e-lettuce kungu-8:1, kuzuzisa ekuqongeleleni kwama-carotenoid, futhi kunciphisa ngempumelelo okuqukethwe yi-nitrate futhi kwandise okuqukethwe yi-VC.

 ◆Ukukhanya okukhulu

Izitshalo ezikhula ngaphansi kokukhanya okubuthakathaka zisengozini enkulu yokuvinjelwa ukukhanya kunangaphansi kokukhanya okunamandla. Izinga le-photosynthesis lezithombo zikatamatisi liyanda ngokwanda kokukhanya [50, 150, 200, 300, 450, 550μmol/(m²·s)], okubonisa ukuthambekela kokukhula kokuqala bese kwehla, kanye nokufinyelela ku-300μmol/(m²·s) ukuze kufinyelelwe esiphezulu. Ukuphakama kwesitshalo, indawo yamaqabunga, okuqukethwe kwamanzi kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-VC kwelethisi kukhuphuke kakhulu ngaphansi kokwelashwa kokukhanya okunamandla okungu-150μmol/(m²·s). Ngaphansi kokwelashwa kokukhanya okunamandla okungu-200μmol/(m²·s), isisindo esisha, isisindo esiphelele kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-amino acid yamahhala kwanda kakhulu, futhi ngaphansi kokwelashwa kokukhanya okunamandla okungu-300μmol/(m²·s), indawo yamaqabunga, okuqukethwe kwamanzi, i-chlorophyll a, i-chlorophyll a+b kanye nama-carotenoid elethisi konke kwehle. Uma kuqhathaniswa nobumnyama, ngokwanda kokukhanya kwe-LED [3, 9, 15 μmol/(m²·s)], okuqukethwe kwe-chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, kanye ne-chlorophyll a+b yamahlumela ebhontshisi omnyama kukhuphuke kakhulu. Okuqukethwe kwe-VC kuphakeme kakhulu ku-3μmol/(m²·s), kanti iphrotheni encibilikayo, ushukela oncibilikayo kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-sucrose kuphakeme kakhulu ku-9μmol/(m²·s). Ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo zokushisa, ngokwanda kokukhanya [(2~2.5)lx×103 lx, (4~4.5)lx×103 lx, (6~6.5)lx×103 lx], isikhathi sokutshala kwezithombo zepelepele siyafinyezwa, okuqukethwe ushukela oncibilikayo kwanda, kodwa okuqukethwe kwe-chlorophyll a kanye nama-carotenoids kwehla kancane kancane.

 ◆Isikhathi sokukhanya

Ukwandisa isikhathi sokukhanya kahle kunganciphisa ukucindezeleka kokukhanya okuphansi okubangelwa ukungabi namandla okukhanya anele ngezinga elithile, kusize ukuqongelela kwemikhiqizo ye-photosynthetic yezitshalo zezitshalo, futhi kufeze umphumela wokwandisa isivuno kanye nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi. Okuqukethwe kwe-VC kwamahlumela kubonise ukuthambekela okukhula kancane kancane ngokwelulwa kwesikhathi sokukhanya (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20h/ngosuku), kuyilapho okuqukethwe kwe-amino acid yamahhala, imisebenzi ye-SOD kanye ne-CAT konke kubonise ukuthambekela okwehlayo. Ngokukhula kwesikhathi sokukhanya (12, 15, 18h), isisindo esisha sezitshalo zeklabishi laseShayina sanda kakhulu. Okuqukethwe kwe-VC emaqabunga nasezinhlakeni zeklabishi laseShayina kwakuphakeme kakhulu kumahora ayi-15 nayi-12, ngokulandelana. Okuqukethwe kweprotheyini encibilikayo emaqabunga eklabishi laseShayina kwehla kancane kancane, kodwa iziqu zaziphezulu kakhulu ngemva kwamahora ayi-15. Okuqukethwe ushukela oncibilikayo emaqabunga eklabishi laseShayina kwanda kancane kancane, kuyilapho iziqu zaziphezulu kakhulu kumahora ayi-12. Uma isilinganiso sokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka singu-1:2, uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi sokukhanya samahora ayi-12, ukwelashwa kokukhanya kwamahora angama-20 kunciphisa okuqukethwe okuhlobene kwama-phenol nama-flavonoid aphelele ku-lettuce eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kodwa uma isilinganiso sokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka singu-2:1, ukwelashwa kokukhanya kwamahora angama-20 kwandisa kakhulu okuqukethwe okuhlobene kwama-phenol nama-flavonoid aphelele ku-lettuce eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Kusukela ngenhla, kungabonakala ukuthi amafomula okukhanya ahlukene anemiphumela ehlukene ku-photosynthesis, i-photomorphogenesis kanye ne-metabolism yekhabhoni ne-nitrogen yezinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo. Indlela yokuthola ifomula yokukhanya engcono kakhulu, ukumiswa komthombo wokukhanya kanye nokwakhiwa kwamasu okulawula okuhlakaniphile kudinga izinhlobo zezitshalo njengesiqalo, futhi, ukulungiswa okufanele kufanele kwenziwe ngokuya ngezidingo zezimpahla zezitshalo zezitshalo, imigomo yokukhiqiza, izici zokukhiqiza, njll., ukuze kufezwe umgomo wokulawula okuhlakaniphile kwendawo yokukhanya kanye nezitshalo zezitshalo zekhwalithi ephezulu nezikhiqiza kakhulu ngaphansi kwezimo zokonga amandla.

Izinkinga ezikhona kanye namathemba

Inzuzo ebalulekile yokukhanya kwe-LED ukuthi kungenza ukulungiswa okuhlakaniphile okuhlanganisiwe ngokuya ngesidingo sezimpawu ze-photosynthetic, i-morphology, ikhwalithi kanye nesivuno sezitshalo ezahlukene. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo kanye nezikhathi zokukhula ezahlukene zesitshalo esifanayo zonke zinezidingo ezahlukene zekhwalithi yokukhanya, ukuqina kokukhanya kanye ne-photoperiod. Lokhu kudinga ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kocwaningo lwefomula yokukhanya ukuze kwakhiwe isizindalwazi esikhulu sefomula yokukhanya. Kuhlanganiswe nocwaningo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezibani zobungcweti, inani eliphezulu lezibani ezengeziwe ze-LED ekusetshenzisweni kwezolimo lingatholakala, ukuze kongiwe kangcono amandla, kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kanye nezinzuzo zomnotho. Ukusetshenziswa kokukhanya kwe-LED okukhulayo endaweni yokulima kubonise amandla anamandla, kodwa intengo yemishini noma amadivayisi okukhanyisa e-LED iphakeme kakhulu, futhi ukutshalwa kwezimali okukodwa kukhulu. Izidingo zokukhanya okungeziwe kwezitshalo ezahlukahlukene ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukene zemvelo azicacile, i-spectrum yokukhanya okungeziwe, Ukuqina okungenangqondo nesikhathi sokukhanya okukhulayo kuzobangela izinkinga ezahlukahlukene ngokungenakugwenywa ekusetshenzisweni kwemboni yokukhanyisa okukhulayo.

Kodwa-ke, ngokuthuthuka nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe kanye nokwehla kwezindleko zokukhiqiza izibani ze-LED, izibani ezengeziwe ze-LED zizosetshenziswa kabanzi ekulimeni izitshalo zezitshalo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nentuthuko yohlelo lobuchwepheshe bezibani ezengeziwe ze-LED kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwamandla amasha kuzokwenza kube lula ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwezolimo zezitshalo, ezolimo zomndeni, ezolimo zasemadolobheni kanye nezolimo zasemkhathini ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo sabantu sezitshalo zezitshalo ezindaweni ezikhethekile.