Umbhali: u-Yamin Li no-Houcheng Liu, njll, baseKolishi Lezokulima, eSouth China Agriculture University

Umthombo we-athikili: I-Greenhouse Horticulture

Izinhlobo zezikhungo zokulima i-horticulture ikakhulukazi zifaka izindawo zokugcina izithombo zepulasitiki, izindawo zokugcina izithombo zelanga, izindawo zokugcina izithombo ezinezikhathi eziningi, kanye nezimboni zezitshalo. Ngenxa yokuthi izakhiwo zesikhungo zivimba imithombo yokukhanya kwemvelo ngezinga elithile, akukho ukukhanya okwanele kwasendlini, okubuye kunciphise isivuno nekhwalithi yezitshalo. Ngakho-ke, ukukhanya okungeziwe kudlala indima ebalulekile ezitshalweni ezisezingeni eliphezulu nezinesivuno esiphezulu sesikhungo, kodwa futhi sekuyimbangela enkulu ekwenyukeni kokusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nezindleko zokusebenza kulesi sikhungo.

Isikhathi eside, imithombo yokukhanya yokwenziwa esetshenziswa emkhakheni we-horticulture yesikhungo ikakhulukazi ihlanganisa isibani se-sodium esicindezelayo, isibani se-fluorescent, isibani se-halogen sensimbi, isibani se-incandescent, njll. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-new generation light emitting diode (LED) kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukusebenzisa umthombo wokukhanya wokwenziwa wamandla aphansi emkhakheni we-horticulture yesikhungo. I-LED inezinzuzo zokusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwe-photoelectric, amandla e-DC, ivolumu encane, impilo ende, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi, ubude be-wavelength obuhleliwe, imisebe ephansi eshisayo nokuvikelwa kwemvelo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nesibani se-sodium esinengcindezi ephezulu nesibani se-fluorescent esivame ukusetshenziswa njengamanje, i-LED ayikwazi nje ukulungisa inani lokukhanya nekhwalithi (ingxenye yokukhanya okuhlukahlukene kwebhande) ngokwezidingo zokukhula kwezitshalo, futhi ingakhanyisa izitshalo kude kakhulu ekukhanyeni kwayo okubandayo, Ngakho-ke, inani lezingqimba zokulima kanye nezinga lokusebenzisa indawo lingathuthukiswa, futhi imisebenzi yokonga amandla, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye nokusetshenziswa kahle kwendawo okungenakushintshwa umthombo wokukhanya wendabuko kungenziwa.

Ngokusekelwe kulezi zinzuzo, i-LED isetshenziswe ngempumelelo ekukhanyeni kwe-horticultural, ucwaningo oluyisisekelo lwendawo elawulekayo, isiko lezicubu zezitshalo, izithombo zemboni yezitshalo kanye ne-aerospace ecosystem. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukusebenza kokukhanyisa kwe-LED ukukhula kuyathuthuka, intengo iyancipha, futhi zonke izinhlobo zemikhiqizo enamaza obude obuthile ziyathuthukiswa kancane kancane, ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa kwayo emkhakheni wezolimo kanye ne-biology kuzoba banzi.

Lesi sihloko sifingqa isimo socwaningo lwe-LED emkhakheni we-horticulture yesikhungo, sigxile ekusetshenzisweni kokukhanya okungeziwe kwe-LED kusisekelo sebhayoloji yokukhanya, izibani ze-LED ezikhulayo ekubunjweni kokukhanya kwezitshalo, ikhwalithi yokudla okunomsoco kanye nomthelela wokubambezela ukuguga, ukwakhiwa nokusetshenziswa. yefomula yokukhanya, futhi ihlaziya kanye namathemba ezinkinga zamanje namathemba obuchwepheshe bokukhanya okungeziwe be-LED.

Umthelela wokukhanya okungeziwe kwe-LED ekukhuleni kwezitshalo ze-horticultural

Imithelela yokulawula yokukhanya ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukeni kwezitshalo ihlanganisa ukuhluma kwembewu, ukunwetshwa kwesiqu, ukukhula kwamaqabunga nezimpande, i-phototropism, i-chlorophyll synthesis kanye nokubola, kanye nokungeniswa kwezimbali. Izakhi zemvelo zokukhanyisa esikhungweni zihlanganisa amandla okukhanya, umjikelezo wokukhanya nokusabalalisa kwe-spectral. Izakhi zingalungiswa ngesengezo sokukhanya sokwenziwa ngaphandle komkhawulo wesimo sezulu.

Njengamanje, kunezinhlobo okungenani ezintathu zama-photoreceptors ezitshalweni: i-phytochrome (emunca ukukhanya okubomvu nokukhanya okubomvu kude), i-cryptochrome (emunca ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye nokukhanya okuseduze kwe-ultraviolet) kanye ne-UV-A ne-UV-B. Ukusetshenziswa komthombo wokukhanya we-wavelength othize ukutshala izitshalo kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-photosynthetic yezitshalo, kusheshise i-morphogenesis yokukhanya, futhi kukhuthaze ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo. Ukukhanya okuwolintshi okubomvu (610 ~ 720 nm) kanye nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (400 ~ 510 nm) kwasetshenziswa ku-photosynthesis yezitshalo. Ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-LED, ukukhanya kwe-monochromatic (okufana nokukhanya okubomvu okunokuphakama okungu-660nm, ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okunokuphakama okungu-450nm, njll.) kungasakazwa ngokuhambisana nebhendi yokumunca eqinile ye-chlorophyll, futhi ububanzi besizinda se-spectral buyi-± 20 nm kuphela.

Njengamanje kunenkolelo yokuthi ukukhanya okubomvu-owolintshi kuzosheshisa kakhulu ukukhula kwezitshalo, kukhuthaze ukuqoqwa kwento eyomile, ukwakheka kwama-bulb, izilimo eziyizigaxa, ama-leaf bulb nezinye izitho zezitshalo, kubangele ukuthi izitshalo ziqhakaze futhi zithele izithelo ngaphambili, futhi zidlale. indima ehamba phambili ekuthuthukiseni umbala wezitshalo; Ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuluhlaza kungalawula i-phototropism yamaqabunga ezitshalo, kukhuthaze ukuvulwa kwe-stomata nokunyakaza kwe-chloroplast, kuvimbele ukunwebeka kwesiqu, kuvimbele ukunwetshwa kwezitshalo, ukubambezeleka kokuqhakaza kwezitshalo, futhi kukhuthaze ukukhula kwezitho zezitshalo; inhlanganisela yama-LED abomvu naluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka inganxephezela ukukhanya okunganele kombala owodwa wale mibili futhi yakhe ukuphakama kokumunca okubukwayo okuhambisana ngokuyisisekelo ne-photosynthesis yezitshalo kanye ne-morphology. Izinga lokusebenzisa amandla okukhanya lingafinyelela ku-80% kuya ku-90%, futhi umphumela wokonga ubalulekile.

Ifakwe izibani ezengeziwe ze-LED endaweni ye-horticulture ingafinyelela ukwanda okukhulu kokukhiqiza. Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi inani lezithelo, inani eliphelele eliphumayo kanye nesisindo sikatamatisi ngamunye we-cherry ngaphansi kokukhanya okungeziwe okungu-300 μmol/(m²·s) ama-LED strips namashubhu e-LED amahora angu-12 (8:00-20:00) kubaluleke kakhulu. anda. Ukukhanya okungeziwe komugqa we-LED kukhuphuke ngo-42.67%, 66.89% no-16.97% ngokulandelana, futhi ukukhanya okungeziwe kweshubhu le-LED kukhuphuke ngo-48.91%, 94.86% no-30.86% ngokulandelana. Ukukhanya okungeziwe kwe-LED kokukhanya kwe-LED ukukhula kokukhanyisa phakathi naso sonke isikhathi sokukhula [isilinganiso sokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza ngu-3:2, futhi amandla okukhanya angu-300 μmol/(m²·s)] angakhuphula kakhulu ikhwalithi yesithelo esisodwa kanye nesivuno. indawo ngayinye ye-chiehwa kanye nesitshalo seqanda. IChikuquan inyuke ngo-5.3% no-15.6%, kwathi isitshalo seqanda senyuke ngo-7.6% no-7.8%. Ngekhwalithi yokukhanya kwe-LED kanye nokuqina kwayo kanye nobude baso sonke isikhathi sokukhula, umjikelezo wokukhula kwezitshalo ungafinyezwa, isivuno sezentengiselwano, ikhwalithi yokudla okunempilo kanye nenani le-morphological yemikhiqizo yezolimo ingathuthukiswa, kanye nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu, ukonga amandla kanye ukukhiqizwa okuhlakaniphile kwesikhungo izitshalo ze-horticultural kungenziwa.

Ukusetshenziswa kokukhanya okungeziwe kwe-LED ekutshaleni izithombo zemifino

Ukulawula ukumila kwezitshalo nokukhula nokuthuthukiswa ngomthombo wokukhanya we-LED kuwubuchwepheshe obubalulekile emkhakheni wokutshalwa kwe-greenhouse. Izitshalo eziphakeme zingakwazi ukuzwa futhi zithole amasignali okukhanya ngezinhlelo ze-photoreceptor ezifana ne-phytochrome, i-cryptochrome, ne-photoreceptor, futhi zenze izinguquko ze-morphological ngokusebenzisa izithunywa ze-intracellular ukuze zilawule izicubu zezitshalo nezitho. I-Photomorphogenesis isho ukuthi izitshalo zithembele ekukhanyeni ukuze zilawule ukuhlukana kwamangqamuzana, izinguquko zesakhiwo nokusebenza, kanye nokwakheka kwezicubu nezitho zomzimba, okuhlanganisa nomthelela ekuhlumeni kwembewu ethile, ukugqugquzelwa kokubusa kwe-apical, ukuvimbela ukukhula kwehlumela eliseceleni, ukunwetshwa kwesiqu. , kanye ne-tropism.

Ukutshalwa kwezithombo zemifino kuyingxenye ebalulekile yesikhungo sezolimo. Isimo sezulu esinezimvula esiqhubekayo sizobangela ukukhanya okwanele endaweni, futhi izithombo zijwayele ukunwetshwa, okuzophazamisa ukukhula kwemifino, ukuhlukaniswa kwezimbali zezimbali nokuthuthukiswa kwezithelo, futhi ekugcineni kuthinte isivuno kanye nekhwalithi yazo. Ekukhiqizeni, ezinye izilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo, njenge-gibberellin, i-auxin, i-paclobutrazol ne-chlormequat, zisetshenziselwa ukulawula ukukhula kwezithombo. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa okungenangqondo kwezilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo kungangcolisa kalula indawo yemifino nezinsiza, impilo yomuntu ibe ingathandeki.

Ukukhanya okungeziwe kwe-LED kunezinzuzo eziningi ezihlukile zokukhanya okungeziwe, futhi kuyindlela engenzeka yokusebenzisa ukukhanya okungeziwe kwe-LED ukukhulisa izithombo. Ekuhlolweni kokukhanya okungeziwe kwe-LED [25±5 μmol/(m²·s)] okwenziwa ngaphansi kwesimo sokukhanya okuphansi [0~35 μmol/(m²·s)], kutholwe ukuthi ukukhanya okuluhlaza kukhuthaza ukunwebeka nokukhula ikhukhamba izithombo. Ukukhanya okubomvu nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuvimbela ukukhula kwezithombo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhanya okubuthakathaka kwemvelo, inkomba yezithombo eqinile yezithombo ehlanganiswe nokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka inyuke ngo-151.26% no-237.98%, ngokulandelana. Uma kuqhathaniswa nekhwalithi yokukhanya kwe-monochromatic, inkomba yezithombo ezinamandla eziqukethe izingxenye ezibomvu neziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngaphansi kokwelashwa kokukhanya okuhlanganisiwe kokukhanya okuhlanganisiwe inyuke ngo-304.46%.

Ukwengeza ukukhanya okubomvu ezitshalweni zekhukhamba kungandisa inani lamaqabunga eqiniso, indawo yamaqabunga, ukuphakama kwesitshalo, ububanzi besiqu, ikhwalithi eyomile nehlanzekile, inkomba eqinile yezithombo, ubungqabavu bezimpande, umsebenzi we-SOD kanye nokuqukethwe kwamaprotheni ancibilikayo ezithombo zekhukhamba. Ukwengeza i-UV-B kungakhuphula okuqukethwe kwe-chlorophyll a, i-chlorophyll b kanye ne-carotenoid emaqabunga ezithombo zekhukhamba. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhanya kwemvelo, ukwengeza ukukhanya kwe-LED okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kungakhuphula kakhulu indawo yamaqabunga, ikhwalithi yento eyomile kanye nenkomba yezithombo eqinile yezithombo zikatamatisi. Ukwengeza ukukhanya okubomvu kwe-LED nokukhanya okuluhlaza kukhulisa kakhulu ukuphakama nokuqina kwesiqu kwezithombo zikatamatisi. Ukwelashwa okukhanyayo kokukhanya okuluhlaza kwe-LED kungakhuphula kakhulu i-biomass yezithombo zekhukhamba notamatisi, futhi isisindo esisha nesomile sezithombo siyakhula ngokwanda kokukhanya okuluhlaza okungezelela amandla okukhanya, kuyilapho isiqu esiwugqinsi kanye nenkomba yezithombo eqinile zikatamatisi. izithombo zonke zilandela ukukhanya okungeziwe kokukhanya okuluhlaza. Ukwanda kwamandla kuyanda. Inhlanganisela yokukhanya kwe-LED okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kungakhuphula ukujiya kwesiqu, indawo yamaqabunga, isisindo esomile saso sonke isitshalo, isilinganiso sezimpande ukuze sihlume, kanye nenkomba yezithombo eqinile yesitshalo seqanda. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhanya okumhlophe, ukukhanya okubomvu kwe-LED kungakhuphula i-biomass yezithombo zeklabishi futhi kukhuthaze ukukhula kobude nokwanda kwamaqabunga ezithombo zeklabishi. Ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwe-LED kukhuthaza ukukhula okuminyene, ukunqwabelana kwento eyomile kanye nenkomba yezithombo eziqinile zezithombo zeklabishi, futhi kwenza izithombo zeklabishi zibe mncane. Imiphumela engenhla ibonisa ukuthi izinzuzo zezithombo zemifino ezitshalwa ngobuchwepheshe bokulawula ukukhanya zisobala kakhulu.

Umthelela wokukhanya okungeziwe kwe-LED kukhwalithi yokondleka kwezithelo nemifino

Amaprotheni, ushukela, i-asidi ephilayo kanye nevithamini equkethwe ezithelweni nemifino kuyizinto ezinomsoco eziyinzuzo empilweni yomuntu. Ikhwalithi yokukhanya ingathinta okuqukethwe kwe-VC ezitshalweni ngokulawula umsebenzi we-VC synthesis kanye ne-enzyme ebolayo, futhi ingalawula ukugaywa kwamaprotheni kanye nokuqoqwa kwama-carbohydrate ezitshalweni ze-horticultural. Ukukhanya okubomvu kukhuthaza ukunqwabelana kwama-carbohydrate, ukwelashwa kokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunenzuzo ekwakhekeni kwamaprotheni, kuyilapho inhlanganisela yokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kungathuthukisa izinga lokudla okunomsoco lezitshalo liphakeme kakhulu kunokukhanya kwe-monochromatic.

Ukwengeza ukukhanya kwe-LED okubomvu noma okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunganciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-nitrate ku-ulethisi, ukwengeza ukukhanya kwe-LED eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma eluhlaza kungakhuthaza ukunqwabelana koshukela oncibilikayo ku-ulethisi, futhi ukwengeza ukukhanya kwe-infrared LED kulungele ukunqwabelana kwe-VC ku-ulethisi. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi isengezo sokukhanya okwesibhakabhaka singathuthukisa okuqukethwe kwe-VC kanye nokuqukethwe kwamaprotheni ancibilikayo katamatisi; ukukhanya okubomvu nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okuhlanganisiwe kungakhuthaza okuqukethwe ushukela ne-asidi yesithelo sikatamatisi, futhi isilinganiso sikashukela ne-asidi sasiphezulu kakhulu ngaphansi kokukhanya okuhlanganisiwe okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka; ukukhanya okuhlanganisiwe okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kungathuthukisa okuqukethwe kwe-VC kwezithelo zekhukhamba.

Ama-phenols, ama-flavonoid, ama-anthocyanins nezinye izinto ezisezithelo nemifino azinayo nje ithonya elibalulekile embala, ukunambitheka kanye nenani lempahla yezithelo nemifino, kodwa futhi anomsebenzi wemvelo we-antioxidant, futhi angavimbela ngokuphumelelayo noma asuse ama-radicals mahhala emzimbeni womuntu.

Ukusebenzisa ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwe-LED ukwengeza ukukhanya kungakhuphula kakhulu okuqukethwe kwe-anthocyanin esikhumbeni sesitshalo seqanda ngo-73.6%, kuyilapho ukusebenzisa ukukhanya okubomvu kwe-LED kanye nenhlanganisela yokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza kungakhuphula okuqukethwe kwe-flavonoid kanye nama-phenol aphelele. Ukukhanya okuluhlaza kungakhuthaza ukunqwabelana kwe-lycopene, i-flavonoid nama-anthocyanins esithelweni sikatamatisi. Ukuhlanganiswa kokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwe-anthocyanins ngezinga elithile, kodwa kuvimbela ukuhlanganiswa kwama-flavonoid. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokwelashwa kokukhanya okumhlophe, ukwelashwa kokukhanya okubomvu kungakhuphula kakhulu okuqukethwe kwe-anthocyanin kumahlumela e-ulethisi, kodwa ukwelashwa kokukhanya okuluhlaza kunokuqukethwe kwe-anthocyanin okuphansi kakhulu. Ingqikithi yokuqukethwe kwe-phenol yeqabunga eliluhlaza, iqabunga elinsomi kanye nolethisi weqabunga elibomvu bekuphakeme ngaphansi kokukhanya okumhlophe, ukukhanya okuhlanganisiwe okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kodwa bekungaphansi kakhulu ngaphansi kokwelashwa kokukhanya okubomvu. Ukwengeza ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet ye-LED noma ukukhanya okuwolintshi kungakhuphula okuqukethwe kwe-phenolic compounds emaqabunga e-ulethisi, kuyilapho ukwengeza ukukhanya okuluhlaza kungakhuphula okuqukethwe kwe-anthocyanins. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kokukhanya kwe-LED kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokulawula ikhwalithi yokudla okunempilo kwezithelo nemifino endaweni yokulima i-horticultural.

Umphumela wokukhanya okungeziwe kwe-LED ekunqandeni ukuguga kwezitshalo

Ukuwohloka kwe-Chlorophyll, ukulahleka kwamaprotheni ngokushesha kanye ne-RNA hydrolysis ngesikhathi sokukhula kwezitshalo kubonakaliswa ikakhulukazi njengokuphuma kweqabunga. Ama-Chloroplast azwela kakhulu ekushintsheni kwendawo yokukhanya yangaphandle, ikakhulukazi ethintekayo izinga lokukhanya. Ukukhanya okubomvu, ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokukhanya okuhlanganisiwe okubomvu-okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuhambisana ne-chloroplast morphogenesis, ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kulungele ukunqwabelana kwezinhlamvu zesitashi kuma-chloroplast, futhi, ukukhanya okubomvu nokukhanya okubomvu kakhulu kunomphumela omubi ekuthuthukisweni kwe-chloroplast. Inhlanganisela yokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kungakhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kwe-chlorophyll emaqabunga ezithombo zekhukhamba, futhi inhlanganisela yokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nakho kungabambezela ukufiphala kokuqukethwe kwe-chlorophyll yamaqabunga esigabeni sakamuva. Lo mphumela uba sobala kakhulu ngokuncipha kwesilinganiso sokukhanya okubomvu kanye nokwenyuka kwesilinganiso sokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Okuqukethwe kwe-chlorophyll yesithombo sekhukhamba kushiya ngaphansi kokukhanya okuhlanganisiwe kwe-LED okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka bekuphakeme kakhulu kunalokho okungaphansi kokulawulwa kokukhanya kwe-fluorescent kanye nokwelashwa kokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwe-monochromatic. Ukukhanya okuluhlaza kwe-LED kungakhuphula kakhulu inani le-chlorophyll a/b leWutacai nezithombo zikagalikhi oluhlaza.

Ngesikhathi se-senescence, kukhona ama-cytokinins (CTK), i-auxin (IAA), izinguquko zokuqukethwe kwe-abscisic acid (ABA) kanye nezinguquko ezihlukahlukene emsebenzini we-enzyme. Okuqukethwe kwamahomoni ezitshalo kuthinteka kalula endaweni yokukhanya. Izimfanelo zokukhanya ezihlukene zinemiphumela ehlukene yokulawula kuma-hormone ezitshalo, futhi izinyathelo zokuqala zendlela yokudlulisa isignali yokukhanya zibandakanya ama-cytokinins.

I-CTK ikhuthaza ukwanda kwamangqamuzana eqabunga, ithuthukisa i-photosynthesis yamaqabunga, kuyilapho ivimbela imisebenzi ye-ribonuclease, i-deoxyribonuclease ne-protease, futhi ibambezela ukuwohloka kwama-nucleic acid, amaprotheni kanye ne-chlorophyll, ngakho ingabambezela ngokuphawulekayo ukukhula kwamaqabunga. Kunokusebenzelana phakathi kokukhanya kanye ne-CTK-mediated development regulation, futhi ukukhanya kungashukumisa ukwanda kwamazinga e-cytokinin angapheli. Uma izicubu zezitshalo zisesimweni sokuthokomala, okuqukethwe kwazo kwe-cytokinin okungapheli kuyehla.

I-IAA igxile kakhulu ezingxenyeni zokukhula okunamandla, futhi kuncane kakhulu okuqukethwe ezicutshini eziguga noma ezithweni. Ukukhanya kwe-Violet kungakhuphula umsebenzi we-indole acetic acid oxidase, futhi amazinga aphansi e-IAA angavimbela ukunwetshwa nokukhula kwezitshalo.

I-ABA yakhiwe ikakhulukazi ezicutshini zeqabunga le-senescent, izithelo ezivuthiwe, imbewu, iziqu, izimpande nezinye izingxenye. Okuqukethwe kwe-ABA kukhukhamba neklabishi ngaphansi kwenhlanganisela yokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuphansi kunokukhanya okumhlophe nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

I-Peroxidase (POD), i-superoxide dismutase (SOD), i-ascorbate peroxidase (APX), i-catalase (CAT) ibaluleke kakhulu futhi ama-enzyme avikelayo ahlobene nokukhanya ezitshalweni. Uma izitshalo ziguga, imisebenzi yalawa ma-enzyme izokwehla ngokushesha.

Izimfanelo zokukhanya ezihlukene zinemiphumela ebalulekile emisebenzini ye-enzyme ye-antioxidant yezitshalo. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-9 zokwelashwa kokukhanya okubomvu, umsebenzi we-APX wezithombo zokudlwengula wanda kakhulu, futhi umsebenzi we-POD wehla. Umsebenzi we-POD katamatisi ngemva kwezinsuku eziyi-15 zokukhanya okubomvu nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka wawuphakeme kunowokukhanya okumhlophe ngo-20.9% no-11.7%, ngokulandelana. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-20 zokwelashwa kokukhanya okuluhlaza, umsebenzi we-POD katamatisi wawuphansi kakhulu, kuphela u-55.4% wokukhanya okumhlophe. Ukwengeza ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okungu-4h kungakhuphula kakhulu okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni ancibilikayo, i-POD, i-SOD, i-APX, kanye nemisebenzi ye-enzyme ye-CAT emaqabunga ekhukhamba esigabeni sezithombo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisebenzi ye-SOD ne-APX iyancipha kancane kancane ngokwandiswa kokukhanya. Umsebenzi we-SOD ne-APX ngaphansi kokukhanya okuluhlaza nokukhanya okubomvu wehla kancane kodwa uhlala uphakeme kunowokukhanya okumhlophe. Ukukhanyisa okubomvu kwehlise kakhulu imisebenzi ye-peroxidase kanye ne-IAA peroxidase yamaqabunga katamatisi kanye ne-IAA peroxidase yamaqabunga esitshalo seqanda, kodwa kubangele umsebenzi we-peroxidase wamaqabunga esitshalo seqanda ukwanda kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukwamukela isu eliphusile le-LED lokukhanya okungeziwe kungabambezela ngempumelelo ukubukeka kwezitshalo ze-horticultural futhi kuthuthukise isivuno nekhwalithi.

Ukwakhiwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwefomula yokukhanya kwe-LED

Ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo kuthintwa kakhulu izinga lokukhanya kanye nezilinganiso zayo ezihlukene zokwakheka. Ifomula yokukhanya ihlanganisa ikakhulukazi izici ezimbalwa ezifana nesilinganiso sekhwalithi yokukhanya, amandla okukhanya, nesikhathi sokukhanya. Njengoba izitshalo ezihlukene zinezidingo ezihlukene zokukhanya nezigaba ezihlukene zokukhula nokuthuthuka, inhlanganisela engcono kakhulu yekhwalithi yokukhanya, amandla okukhanya kanye nesikhathi sokuhlanganisa ukukhanya kuyadingeka ezitshalweni ezitshaliwe.

 ◆Isilinganiso se-spectrum esikhanyayo

Uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhanya okumhlophe nokukhanya okukodwa okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, inhlanganisela yokukhanya kwe-LED okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunenzuzo enkulu ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezithombo zekhukhamba neklabishi.

Lapho isilinganiso sokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka singu-8: 2, ukushuba kwesiqu sesitshalo, ukuphakama kwesitshalo, isisindo esomile sesitshalo, isisindo esisha, inkomba yezithombo ezinamandla, njll, kuyanda kakhulu, futhi kuyasiza ekwakhiweni kwe-chloroplast matrix kanye i-basal lamella kanye nokukhishwa kwezindaba zokulinganisa.

Ukusetshenziswa kwenhlanganisela yekhwalithi ebomvu, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kumahlumela kabhontshisi obomvu kunenzuzo ekuqongeleleni kwawo okumile, futhi ukukhanya okuluhlaza kungakhuthaza ukunqwabelana kwento eyomile yamahlumela kabhontshisi obomvu. Ukukhula kubonakala kakhulu lapho isilinganiso sokukhanya okubomvu, okuluhlaza okotshani nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kungu-6:2:1. Ihlumela likabhontshisi obomvu yisithombo semifino ye-hypocotyl elongation effect bekungcono kakhulu ngaphansi kwesilinganiso sokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okungu-8:1, futhi ihlumela likabhontshisi obomvu we-hypocotyl elongation livinjelwe ngokusobala ngaphansi kwesilinganiso sokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okungu-6:3, kodwa iphrotheni encibilikayo. okuqukethwe bekuphakeme kakhulu.

Uma isilinganiso sokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka singu-8:1 ezithonjeni ze-loofah, inkomba yezithombo eqinile kanye noshukela oncibilikayo wezithombo ze-loofah kuba phezulu. Uma usebenzisa ikhwalithi yokukhanya enesilinganiso sokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okungu-6:3, i-chlorophyll i-content, isilinganiso se-chlorophyll a/b, kanye ne-protein encibilikayo yezithombo ze-loofah bekuphakeme kakhulu.

Uma usebenzisa isilinganiso esingu-3:1 sokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kusilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi, singakhuthaza ngempumelelo ukwanda kobude besitshalo sesilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi, ubude be-petiole, inombolo yamaqabunga, ikhwalithi yento eyomile, okuqukethwe kwe-VC, okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni ancibilikayo noshukela oncibilikayo. Ekulinyweni kukatamatisi, ukwandisa ingxenye yokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwe-LED kukhuthaza ukwakheka kwe-lycopene, ama-amino acids mahhala nama-flavonoid, futhi ukwandisa ingxenye yokukhanya okubomvu kukhuthaza ukwakheka kwama-acids e-titratable. Lapho ukukhanya okunesilinganiso sokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kumaqabunga e-ulethisi kungu-8: 1, kunenzuzo ekuqoqweni kwe-carotenoids, futhi kunciphisa ngokuphumelelayo okuqukethwe kwe-nitrate futhi kwandise okuqukethwe kwe-VC.

 ◆Amandla okukhanya

Izitshalo ezikhula ngaphansi kokukhanya okubuthakathaka zingenwa kalula yi-photoinhibition kunangaphansi kokukhanya okuqinile. Izinga le-photosynthetic lensalela yezithombo zikatamatisi liyakhula ngokwanda kokuqina kokukhanya [50, 150, 200, 300, 450, 550μmol/(m²·s)], okubonisa ukuthambekela kokukhula kuqala bese kuncipha, futhi ku-300μmol/(m² ·s) ukufinyelela esiphezulu. Ubude besitshalo, indawo yamaqabunga, okuqukethwe kwamanzi kanye ne-VC ye-ulethisi kukhuphuke kakhulu ngaphansi kwe-150μmol/(m²·s) yokwelashwa kokuqina kokukhanya. Ngaphansi kuka-200μmol/(m²·s) ukwelashwa kokuqina kokukhanya, isisindo esisha, isisindo esiphelele kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-amino acid yamahhala kuye kwanda kakhulu, futhi ngaphansi kokwelashwa kwe-300μmol/(m²·s) ukukhanya kwamandla, indawo yeqabunga, okuqukethwe kwamanzi. , i-chlorophyll a, i-chlorophyll a+b kanye nama-carotenoid kaulethisi konke kwehlisiwe. Uma kuqhathaniswa nobumnyama, nokwanda kokuqina kokukhanya kwe-LED [3, 9, 15 μmol/(m²·s)], okuqukethwe kwe-chlorophyll a, i-chlorophyll b, ne-chlorophyll a+b yamahlumela kabhontshisi omnyama kwenyuke kakhulu. Okuqukethwe kwe-VC kuphakeme kakhulu kokuthi 3μmol/(m²·s), futhi amaprotheni ancibilikayo, ushukela oncibilikayo kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-sucrose kuphezulu kakhulu kokuthi 9μmol/(m²·s). Ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa ezifanayo, ngokwanda kokuqina kokukhanya [(2~2.5)lx×103 lx, (4~4.5)lx×103 lx, (6~6.5)lx×103 lx], isikhathi sokuhluma kwezithombo zikapelepele ifinyezwa, okuqukethwe ushukela oncibilikayo kwanda, kodwa okuqukethwe kwe-chlorophyll a kanye ne-carotenoids kwehla kancane kancane.

 ◆Isikhathi sokukhanya

Ukwelula ngokufanelekile isikhathi sokukhanya kunganciphisa ukucindezelwa kokukhanya okuphansi okubangelwa ukukhanya okunganele ngokwezinga elithile, kusize ukunqwabelana kwemikhiqizo ye-photosynthetic yezitshalo ze-horticultural, futhi kufinyelele umphumela wokwandisa isivuno kanye nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi. Okuqukethwe kwe-VC kwamahlumela kubonise ukuthambekela okukhulayo kancane kancane ngokwandisa isikhathi sokukhanya (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20h/ngosuku), kuyilapho okuqukethwe kwe-amino acid yamahhala, imisebenzi ye-SOD kanye ne-CAT konke kubonise umkhuba oyancipha. Ngokunwetshwa kwesikhathi sokukhanya (12, 15, 18h), isisindo esisha sezitshalo zeklabishi yaseShayina sanda kakhulu. Okuqukethwe kwe-VC emaqabunga kanye neziqu zeklabishi yaseShayina kwakuphakeme kakhulu ngo-15 no-12h, ngokulandelana. Amaprotheni ancibilikayo amaqabunga eklabishi laseShayina ancipha kancane kancane, kodwa iziqu zaziphakeme kakhulu ngemva kwamahora angu-15. Ushukela oncibilikayo wamaqabunga eklabishi aseShayina wanda kancane kancane, kanti iziqu zaziphakeme kakhulu ngo-12h. Uma isilinganiso sokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka singu-1:2, uma siqhathaniswa nesikhathi sokukhanya esingu-12h, ukwelashwa kokukhanya okungu-20h kunciphisa okuqukethwe okuhlobene kwama-phenols nama-flavonoid ku-ulethisi wamaqabunga aluhlaza, kodwa uma isilinganiso sokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka singu-2:1, ukwelashwa okukhanyayo kwe-20h kwandisa kakhulu okuqukethwe okuhlobene kwama-phenol aphelele nama-flavonoid ku-lettuce yeqabunga eliluhlaza.

Kusukela kulokhu okungenhla, kungabonakala ukuthi amafomula okukhanya ahlukene anemiphumela ehlukene ku-photosynthesis, i-photomorphogenesis kanye ne-carbon ne-nitrogen metabolism yezinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo. Indlela yokuthola ifomula yokukhanya engcono kakhulu, ukumisa umthombo wokukhanya kanye nokwakhiwa kwamasu okulawula okuhlakaniphile kudinga izinhlobo zezitshalo njengendawo yokuqala, futhi, ukulungiswa okufanele kufanele kwenziwe ngokuya ngezidingo zempahla yezitshalo ze-horticultural, izinhloso zokukhiqiza, izici zokukhiqiza, njll., ukufeza umgomo wokulawula okuhlakaniphile kwendawo ekhanyayo kanye nezilimo ze-horticultural ezisezingeni eliphezulu nezinesivuno esiphezulu ngaphansi kwezimo zokonga amandla.

Izinkinga namathemba akhona

Inzuzo ephawulekayo yokukhanya kwe-LED ukuthi ingenza izinguquko ezihlakaniphile zenhlanganisela ngokuya nge-spectrum yesidingo sezimpawu ze-photosynthetic, i-morphology, ikhwalithi kanye nesivuno sezitshalo ezahlukene. Izinhlobo ezihlukene zezitshalo nezikhathi zokukhula ezihlukene zesitshalo esisodwa zonke zinezidingo ezihlukene zekhwalithi yokukhanya, amandla okukhanya kanye ne-photoperiod. Lokhu kudinga ukuthuthukiswa okwengeziwe kanye nokuthuthukiswa kocwaningo lwefomula yokukhanya ukuze kwakhe isizindalwazi sefomula yokukhanya enkulu. Kuhlanganiswe nocwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kwezibani eziqeqeshiwe, inani eliphakeme lezibani ze-LED ezisetshenziswayo zezolimo lingabonakala, ukuze kongiwe kangcono amandla, kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kanye nezinzuzo zezomnotho. Ukusetshenziswa kokukhanya kwe-LED ku-horticulture kubonise amandla amakhulu, kodwa intengo yezimpahla zokukhanyisa ze-LED noma amadivayisi iphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa, futhi ukutshalwa kwezimali kwesikhathi esisodwa kukhulu. Izidingo zokukhanya okungeziwe zezitshalo ezihlukahlukene ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene zemvelo azicacile, i-spectrum yokukhanya okungeziwe, Amandla angenangqondo kanye nesikhathi sokukhanya okukhulayo nakanjani kuzodala izinkinga ezihlukahlukene ekusetshenzisweni kwemboni yokukhanyisa izibani.

Kodwa-ke, ngokuthuthuka nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe kanye nokwehliswa kwezindleko zokukhiqiza ukukhanya kwe-LED, ukukhanya okungeziwe kwe-LED kuzosetshenziswa kabanzi ekulimeni kwezitshalo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nenqubekelaphambili yohlelo lobuchwepheshe bokukhanya okungeziwe kwe-LED kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwamandla amasha kuzokwenza ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwesikhungo sezolimo, ezolimo zomndeni, ezolimo zasemadolobheni kanye nezolimo zasemkhathini ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo sabantu sezitshalo ze-horticultural ezindaweni ezikhethekile.