Umbhali: Jing Zhao，Zengchan Zhou，Yunlong Bu, njll.Umthombo Wezindaba:Ubuchwepheshe Bonjiniyela Bezolimo (i-greenhouse horticulture)

Imboni yezitshalo ihlanganisa imboni yesimanje, i-biotechnology, i-hydroponics yezakhi kanye nobuchwepheshe bolwazi ukuze kusetshenziswe ukulawula okunembayo okuphezulu kwezinto zemvelo endaweni.Ivalwe ngokugcwele, inezidingo eziphansi endaweni ezungezile, ifinyeza isikhathi sokuvuna izitshalo, ilondoloza amanzi nomanyolo, futhi ngezinzuzo zokukhiqiza okungezona izibulala-zinambuzane futhi akukho kukhishwa kwemfucuza, ukusetshenziswa kahle komhlaba kweyunithi izikhathi ezingu-40 kuya kwezingu-108 zalokho. yokukhiqizwa kwenkundla evulekile.Phakathi kwazo, umthombo wokukhanya wokwenziwa ohlakaniphile kanye nokulawula kwawo indawo ekhanyayo kudlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwawo kokukhiqiza.

Njengesici esibalulekile sendawo ezungezile, ukukhanya kudlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ukukhula kwezitshalo kanye ne-metabolism yezinto ezibonakalayo."Esinye sezici eziyinhloko zefektri yezitshalo umthombo ogcwele wokukhanya wokufakelwa kanye nokugcwaliseka kokulawulwa okuhlakaniphile kwendawo yokukhanya" sekuye kwaba ukuvumelana okujwayelekile embonini.

Isidingo sezitshalo sokukhanya

Ukukhanya kuwukuphela komthombo wamandla we-photosynthesis yezitshalo.Amandla okukhanya, ikhwalithi yokukhanya (i-spectrum) kanye nezinguquko zokukhanya ngezikhathi ezithile kunomthelela omkhulu ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezitshalo, phakathi kwazo ukukhanya okunamandla okunomthelela omkhulu ku-photosynthesis yezitshalo.

■ Amandla okukhanya

Ukuqina kokukhanya kungashintsha ukumila kwezitshalo, njengokuqhakaza kwezimbali, ubude be-internode, ukujiya kwesiqu, nobukhulu nobukhulu bamaqabunga.Izidingo zezitshalo zokuqina kokukhanya zingahlukaniswa zibe izitshalo ezithanda ukukhanya, ukukhanya okuphakathi nendawo, kanye nezitshalo ezibekezelela ukukhanya okuphansi.Imifino iningi lezitshalo ezithanda ukukhanya, futhi amaphuzu azo okunxephezela ukukhanya namaphoyinti okugcwala ukukhanya aphezulu kakhulu.Ezimbonini zezitshalo ezikhanyayo zokwenziwa, izidingo ezifanele zezitshalo zokuqina kokukhanya ziyisisekelo esibalulekile sokukhetha imithombo yokukhanya yokwenziwa.Ukuqonda izidingo zokukhanya zezitshalo ezahlukene kubalulekile ekuklameni imithombo yokukhanya yokwenziwa, Kudingeka kakhulu ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kokukhiqizwa kwesistimu.

■ Ikhwalithi yokukhanya

Ukusabalalisa kwekhwalithi yokukhanya (spectral) nakho kunethonya elibalulekile ku-photosynthesis yezitshalo kanye ne-morphogenesis (Umfanekiso 1).Ukukhanya kuyingxenye yemisebe, futhi imisebe iwubukhazikhazi kazibuthe.Amagagasi kagesi anezici zamagagasi kanye nezici ze-quantum (izinhlayiyana).I-quantum yokukhanya ibizwa ngokuthi i-photon ensimini ye-horticulture.Imisebe enobubanzi be-wavelength obungu-300~800nm ​​ibizwa ngokuthi imisebe yezitshalo esebenzayo ngokuphila komzimba;futhi imisebe enobubanzi be-wavelength obungu-400~700nm ibizwa nge-photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) yezitshalo.

I-Chlorophyll kanye ne-carotenes yimibala emibili ebaluleke kakhulu ku-photosynthesis yezitshalo.Umfanekiso 2 ubonisa i-spectrum yokumuncwa kwe-spectral ye-photosynthetic pigment ngayinye, lapho i-spectrum yokumuncwa kwe-chlorophyll igxile kumabhendi abomvu naluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.Uhlelo lokukhanyisa lusekelwe ezidingweni ze-spectral zezitshalo ukuze zengeze ukukhanya ngokwenziwa, ukuze kuthuthukiswe i-photosynthesis yezitshalo.

■ isikhathi sesithombe
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-photosynthesis ne-photomorphogenesis yezitshalo nobude bosuku (noma isikhathi se-photoperiod) bubizwa nge-photoperiodity yezitshalo.I-photoperiodity ihlobene eduze namahora okukhanya, okubhekisela esikhathini isitshalo sikhanyiswa ngaso ukukhanya.Izitshalo ezihlukene zidinga inombolo ethile yamahora okukhanya ukuze kuqedelwe isikhathi sokuthwebula ukuze kuqhakaze futhi kuthele izithelo.Ngokusho kwama-photoperiods ahlukene, ingahlukaniswa ngezitshalo zosuku olude, njengeklabishi, njll., ezidinga amahora okukhanya angaphezu kuka-12-14h esigabeni esithile sokukhula kwayo;izitshalo zezinsuku ezimfushane, ezifana no-anyanisi, ubhontshisi wesoya, njll., zidinga amahora okukhanya angaphansi kwamahora ayi-12-14;izitshalo ezinelanga eliphakathi, njengamakhukhamba, utamatisi, upelepele, njll., zingaqhakaza futhi zithele izithelo ngaphansi kokukhanya kwelanga okude noma okufushane.
Phakathi kwezakhi ezintathu zemvelo, amandla okukhanya ayisisekelo esibalulekile sokukhetha imithombo yokukhanya yokwenziwa.Njengamanje, kunezindlela eziningi zokuveza amandla okukhanya, ikakhulukazi okuhlanganisa lezi zintathu ezilandelayo.
(1) Ukukhanya kusho ukuminyana kwendawo yokuguquguquka okukhanyayo (ukugeleza okukhanyayo kwendawo ngayinye yeyunithi) okutholwe endizeni ekhanyisiwe, nge-lux (lx).

(2) Emisebeni ye-Photosynthetically esebenzayo, i-PAR, Iyunithi:W/m².

(3) I-photon flux density PPFD noma i-PPF inombolo ye-photosynthetically esebenza ngempumelelo emisebeni efinyelela noma edlula kuyunithi yesikhathi nendawo yeyunithi, iyunithi:μmol/(m²·s).Ikakhulukazi ibhekisela kubukhulu bokukhanya obungu-400~700nm ehlobene ngqo ne-photosynthesis.Futhi iyinkomba yokuqina kokukhanya evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu emkhakheni wokukhiqiza izitshalo.

Ukuhlaziywa komthombo okhanyayo wesistimu yokukhanya okungeziwe okujwayelekile
Isithasiselo sokukhanya sokwenziwa siwukwandisa amandla okukhanya endaweni okuqondiwe noma ukunweba isikhathi sokukhanya ngokufaka isistimu yokukhanya okungeziwe ukuze kufezeke isidingo sokukhanya sezitshalo.Ngokuvamile, uhlelo lokukhanya olwengeziwe luhlanganisa imishini yokukhanya eyengeziwe, amasekhethi kanye nohlelo lwayo lokulawula.Imithombo yokukhanya eyengeziwe ikakhulukazi ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezimbalwa ezivamile njengezibani ze-incandescent, izibani ze-fluorescent, izibani zensimbi ze-halide, izibani ze-sodium ezinomfutho ophezulu kanye nama-LED.Ngenxa yokusebenza kahle okuphansi kagesi nokukhanya kwezibani ze-incandescent, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla okuphansi kwe-photosynthetic nokunye ukushiyeka, kuqedwe yimakethe, ngakho-ke lesi sihloko asenzeli ukuhlaziya okuningiliziwe.

■ Isibani se-Fluorescent
Amalambu e-Fluorescent awohlobo lwamalambu okukhipha igesi anengcindezi ephansi.Ishubhu yengilazi igcwele umhwamuko we-mercury noma igesi ye-inert, futhi udonga lwangaphakathi lweshubhu lumbozwe nge-fluorescent powder.Umbala okhanyayo uyahlukahluka ngezinto ze-fluorescent eziboshwe eshubhu.Amalambu e-Fluorescent anokusebenza okuhle kokubukwayo, ukukhanya okuphezulu okukhanyayo, amandla aphansi, impilo ende (12000h) uma kuqhathaniswa namalambu e-incandescent, kanye nezindleko eziphansi uma kuqhathaniswa.Ngenxa yokuthi isibani se-fluorescent ngokwaso sikhipha ukushisa okuncane, singaba seduze nezitshalo ukuze kukhanye futhi silungele ukutshalwa kwe-three-dimensional.Kodwa-ke, ukwakheka kwe-spectral kwesibani se-fluorescent akunangqondo.Indlela ejwayeleke kakhulu emhlabeni ukungeza izibonisi ukuze kwandiswe izingxenye zomthombo wokukhanya ezisebenzayo zezitshalo endaweni yokulima.Inkampani yaseJapan i-adv-agri iphinde yasungula uhlobo olusha lomthombo wokukhanya we-HEFL.I-HEFL empeleni ingeyesigaba samalambu e-fluorescent.Yigama elijwayelekile lamalambu abandayo e-cathode fluorescent (CCFL) kanye namalambu e-electrode fluorescent angaphandle (EEFL), futhi iyilambu elixubile le-electrode fluorescent.Ishubhu le-HEFL lincanyana ngokwedlulele, linobubanzi obungaba ngu-4mm kuphela, futhi ubude bungalungiswa busuka ku-450mm bufinyelele ku-1200mm ngokwezidingo zokulinywa.Kuyinguqulo ethuthukisiwe yesibani esivamile se-fluorescent.

■ Isibani se-Metal halide
Isibani se-metal halide siyisibani sokukhipha amandla aphezulu esingavusa izakhi ezihlukene ukuze zikhiqize amaza amaza ahlukene ngokungeza ama-halide ensimbi ahlukahlukene (i-tin bromide, i-iodide ye-sodium, njll.) ku-tube yokukhipha ngesisekelo sesibani se-mercury esinengcindezi ephezulu.Amalambu e-halogen anokukhanya okuphezulu okuphezulu, amandla aphezulu, umbala omuhle wokukhanya, impilo ende, kanye ne-spectrum enkulu.Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi ukusebenza kahle okukhanyayo kuphansi kunezibani ze-sodium ezinomfutho ophezulu, futhi isikhathi sokuphila sifushane kunaleso sezibani ze-sodium ezinomfutho ophezulu, okwamanje sisetshenziswa kuphela ezimbonini ezimbalwa zezitshalo.

∎ Isibani se-sodium enengcindezi ephezulu
Izibani ze-sodium ezinengcindezi ephezulu zingezohlobo lwamalambu okukhipha igesi anomfutho ophezulu.Isibani se-sodium esinengcindezi ephezulu yisibani esisebenza kahle kakhulu lapho umhwamuko we-sodium onomfutho ophezulu ugcwaliswa ku-tube yokukhipha, futhi inani elincane le-xenon (Xe) ne-mercury metal halide yengezwa.Ngenxa yokuthi izibani ze-sodium ezinomfutho ophezulu zinezinga eliphezulu lokuguqulwa kwe-electro-optical ngezindleko eziphansi zokukhiqiza, izibani ze-sodium ezicindezelayo okwamanje zisetshenziswa kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kokukhanya okungeziwe ezindaweni zezolimo.Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokushiyeka kokusebenza kahle kwe-photosynthetic ku-spectrum yabo, banokushiyeka kokusebenza kahle kwamandla aphansi.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izingxenye ze-spectral ezikhishwa izibani ze-sodium ezicindezela kakhulu zigxilwe kakhulu ebhendini yokukhanya ephuzi-orange, engenawo ukubukwa okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okudingekayo ekukhuleni kwezitshalo.

■ I-diode ekhipha ukukhanya
Njengesizukulwane esisha semithombo yokukhanya, ama-light-emitting diode (ama-LED) anezinzuzo eziningi ezifana nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu kokuguqulwa kwe-electro-optical, i-spectrum elungisekayo, nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu kwe-photosynthetic.I-LED ingakhipha ukukhanya kwe-monochromatic okudingekayo ekukhuleni kwezitshalo.Uma kuqhathaniswa nezibani ezivamile ze-fluorescent neminye imithombo yokukhanya eyengeziwe, i-LED inezinzuzo zokonga amandla, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo, impilo ende, ukukhanya kwe-monochromatic, umthombo wokukhanya okubandayo nokunye.Ngokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kokusebenza kahle kwe-electro-optical kwama-LED kanye nokwehliswa kwezindleko ezibangelwa umphumela wesikali, amasistimu okukhanyisa ama-LED azoba yimishini evamile yokwengeza ukukhanya ezikhungweni zezolimo.Ngenxa yalokhu, izibani ze-LED zisetshenziswe ngaphezu kwezimboni zezitshalo ezingama-99.9%.

Ngokuqhathanisa, izici zemithombo yokukhanya eyengeziwe ehlukene zingaqondwa ngokucacile, njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 1.

Idivayisi yokukhanyisa yeselula
Ukuqina kokukhanya kuhlobene eduze nokukhula kwezitshalo.Ukulima kwe-Three-dimensional kuvame ukusetshenziswa ezimbonini zezitshalo.Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yomkhawulo wesakhiwo sama-racks okulima, ukusatshalaliswa okungalingani kokukhanya nezinga lokushisa phakathi kwama-rack kuzothinta isivuno sezitshalo futhi isikhathi sokuvuna ngeke sivunyelaniswe.Inkampani yaseBeijing ithuthukise ngempumelelo ithuluzi elengeziwe lokuphakamisa ukukhanya (i-HPS lighting fixture kanye ne-LED grow lighting fixture) ngo-2010. Umgomo uwukuzungezisa umshini wokushayela kanye ne-winder egxilwe kuwo ngokunyakazisa isibambo ukuze uzungezisa ireli yefilimu encane. ukufeza inhloso yokuhoxisa nokuqaqa intambo yocingo.Intambo yocingo yokukhanya okukhulayo ixhunywe nesondo elijikayo lekheshi ngamasethi amaningi amasondo ahlehlayo, ukuze kuzuzwe umphumela wokulungisa ubude bokukhanya okukhulayo.Ngo-2017, inkampani eshiwo ngenhla yaklama futhi yathuthukisa idivayisi entsha yesithasiselo sokukhanya kweselula, engalungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuphakama kwesithasiselo sokukhanya ngesikhathi sangempela ngokuya ngezidingo zokukhula kwezitshalo.Idivayisi yokulungisa manje isifakiwe endaweni yokuphakamisa yomthombo wokukhanya enezingqimba ezi-3 yohlobo lwendawo yokulima enezinhlangothi ezintathu.Isendlalelo esiphezulu sedivayisi yizinga elinesimo esihle kakhulu sokukhanya, ngakho-ke ifakwe izibani ze-sodium ezicindezela kakhulu;ungqimba oluphakathi nendawo nephansi kufakwe izibani ze-LED ezikhulayo kanye nesistimu yokulungisa yokuphakamisa.Ingakwazi ukulungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ubude bokukhanya ukuze inikeze indawo yokukhanya efanelekile yezitshalo.

Uma kuqhathaniswa nesengezo seselula esisetshenziselwa ukutshala izinhlangothi ezintathu, iNetherlands ithuthukise idivayisi yokukhanya enwebekayo ye-LED ekhulisa ukukhanya.Ukuze ugweme ithonya lomthunzi wokukhanya okukhulayo ekukhuleni kwezitshalo elangeni, uhlelo lokukhanya lokukhula lungaphushelwa ezinhlangothini zombili zobakaki ngokusebenzisa i-telescopic slide endaweni evundlile, ukuze ilanga libe ngokugcwele. i-radiated ezitshalweni;ngezinsuku eziguqubele nezinemvula ngaphandle kokukhanya kwelanga, Phusha uhlelo lokukhanya lokukhula lube phakathi kukakaki ukuze wenze ukukhanya kwesistimu yokukhanya okukhulayo kugcwalise izitshalo ngokulinganayo;hambisa isistimu yokukhanya yokukhulisa ngokuvundlile ngesilayidi esikubakaki, gwema ukuqaqa njalo nokususwa kwesistimu yokukhanya okukhulayo, futhi unciphise ukushuba kwezisebenzi, ngaleyo ndlela uthuthukise ukusebenza kahle komsebenzi.

Dizayina imibono yesistimu yokukhanya okukhulayo
Akunzima ukubona ekwakhiweni kwedivayisi yokukhanyisa yeselula ukuthi idizayini yesistimu yokukhanyisa eyengeziwe yefekthri yezitshalo ngokuvamile ithatha amandla okukhanya, ikhwalithi yokukhanya kanye namapharamitha we-photoperiod ezikhathi ezihlukene zokukhula kwezitshalo njengokuqukethwe okuyinhloko kwedizayini. , ukuthembela ohlelweni lokulawula oluhlakaniphile ukuze kusetshenziswe, ukufeza umgomo wokugcina wokonga amandla kanye nesivuno esiphezulu.

Njengamanje, ukuklanywa nokwakhiwa kokukhanya okungeziwe kwemifino enamaqabunga kuye kwavuthwa kancane kancane.Isibonelo, imifino enamahlamvu ingahlukaniswa izigaba ezine: isigaba sezithombo, esiphakathi nendawo, esakhula sekwephuzile, nesigaba sokugcina;izithelo-imifino ingahlukaniswa ngesigaba sezithombo, isigaba sokukhula kwezitshalo, isigaba sokuqhakaza, nesigaba sokuvuna.Kusukela kuzimpawu zokuqina kokukhanya okungeziwe, amandla okukhanya esigabeni sezithombo kufanele abe ngaphansi kancane, abe ngu-60~200 μmol/(m²·s), bese anda kancane kancane.Imifino enamahlamvu ingafinyelela ku-100~200 μmol/(m²·s), futhi imifino yezithelo ingafinyelela ku-300~500 μmol/(m²·s) ukuze kuqinisekiswe izimfuneko zokukhanya kokukhanya kwe-photosynthesis yezitshalo esikhathini ngasinye sokukhula nokufeza izidingo ze isivuno esiphezulu;Mayelana nekhwalithi yokukhanya, isilinganiso sokubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka sibaluleke kakhulu.Ukuze kwandiswe izinga lezithombo futhi kuvinjwe ukukhula ngokweqile esigabeni sezithombo, isilinganiso sokubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokuvamile sibekwa ezingeni eliphansi [(1~2):1], bese siyancishiswa kancane kancane ukuze sihlangabezane nezidingo zesitshalo. i-morphology elula.Isilinganiso sokubomvu kuya kokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukuya kwemifino enamahlamvu singasethwa ukuze sithi (3~6):1.Nge-photoperiod, efana nokuqina kokukhanya, kufanele ibonise ukuthambekela kokukhula ngokunwetshwa kwesikhathi sokukhula, ukuze imifino enamahlamvu ibe nesikhathi esiningi se-photosynthetic se-photosynthesis.Idizayini yesithasiselo esikhanyayo yezithelo nemifino izoba nzima kakhulu.Ukwengeza kule mithetho eyisisekelo eshiwo ngenhla, kufanele sigxile ekumisweni kwe-photoperiod ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza, futhi ukuqhakaza kwemifino kanye nezithelo kufanele kukhuthazwe, ukuze kungaphindiseli emuva.

Kuhle ukusho ukuthi ifomula yokukhanya kufanele ifake phakathi ukwelashwa kokuphela kwezilungiselelo zemvelo ekhanyayo.Isibonelo, ukufakwa kokukhanya okuqhubekayo kungathuthukisa kakhulu isivuno kanye nekhwalithi yezithombo zemifino enamahlamvu e-hydroponic, noma ukusebenzisa ukwelashwa kwe-UV ukuze kuthuthukiswe kakhulu amahlumela nemifino enamahlamvu (ikakhulukazi Amaqabunga ansomi kanye ne-lettuce yeqabunga elibomvu) ikhwalithi yokudla okunomsoco.

Ngaphezu kokuthuthukisa ukukhanya kwezitshalo ezikhethiwe, uhlelo lokulawula umthombo wokukhanya wezinye izimboni zezitshalo zokukhanya zokwenziwa luthuthuke ngokushesha eminyakeni yamuva nje.Lolu hlelo lokulawula ngokuvamile lusekelwe esakhiweni se-B/S.Ukulawula kude nokulawula okuzenzakalelayo kwezici zemvelo ezifana nezinga lokushisa, umswakama, ukukhanya, nokugxila kwe-CO2 ngesikhathi sokukhula kwezitshalo kutholakala nge-WIFI, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, indlela yokukhiqiza engavinjelwe izimo zangaphandle iyabonakala.Lolu hlobo lwesistimu yokukhanya okungeziwe ehlakaniphile lusebenzisa ukukhanya kwe-LED ukukhula njengomthombo wokukhanya ongeziwe, kuhlanganiswe nesistimu yokulawula okuhlakaniphile okude, ingahlangabezana nezidingo zokukhanya kwe-wavelength yezitshalo, ifaneleka ngokukhethekile indawo yokutshala izitshalo ezilawulwa ukukhanya, futhi ingahlangabezana kahle nesidingo semakethe. .

Amazwi okuphetha
Izimboni zezitshalo zibhekwa njengendlela ebalulekile yokuxazulula izinkinga zomhlaba wonke, inani labantu kanye nemvelo ekhulwini lama-21, kanye nendlela ebalulekile yokuzuza ukuzondla ngokudla kumaphrojekthi we-high-tech esizayo.Njengohlobo olusha lwendlela yokukhiqiza yezolimo, izimboni zezitshalo zisesesigabeni sokufunda nokukhula, futhi kudingeka ukunakwa okwengeziwe nocwaningo.Lesi sihloko sichaza izici nezinzuzo zezindlela zokukhanyisa ezengeziwe ezivamile ezimbonini zezitshalo, futhi sethula imibono yokuklama yezinhlelo zokukhanyisa ezengeziwe zezitshalo.Akunzima ukuthola ngokuqhathanisa, ukuze ubhekane nokukhanya okuphansi okubangelwa isimo sezulu esibi esifana nokuguqubala okuqhubekayo kanye nobumnyama nokuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa okuphezulu nokuzinzile kwezitshalo zesikhungo, imishini yomthombo wokukhanya we-LED Grow ihambisana kakhulu nentuthuko yamanje. izitayela.

Indlela yentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo yezimboni zezitshalo kufanele igxile kuzinzwa ezintsha ezinembayo eziphezulu, ezinezindleko eziphansi, ezilawuleka ukude, amasistimu wedivayisi yokukhanyisa i-spectrum elungisekayo namasistimu okulawula ochwepheshe.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izimboni zezitshalo zesikhathi esizayo zizoqhubeka zithuthukela ezindleko eziphansi, ezihlakaniphile, kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo.Ukusetshenziswa nokuduma kwemithombo yokukhanya ye-LED kunikeza isiqinisekiso sokulawulwa kwemvelo okunembayo okuphezulu kwamafekthri ezitshalo.Ukulawulwa kwemvelo yokukhanya kwe-LED kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ehlanganisa ukulawulwa okuphelele kwekhwalithi yokukhanya, amandla okukhanya, kanye ne-photoperiod.Ochwepheshe abafanelekile nezifundiswa kudingeka benze ucwaningo olunzulu, bakhuthaze ukukhanya okungeziwe kwe-LED ezimbonini zezitshalo zokukhanya zokwenziwa.