Umbhali: Jing Zhao，Zengchan Zhou，Yunlong Bu, njll. Umthombo Wezindaba：Ubuchwepheshe Bobunjiniyela Bezolimo (ukulima okushisa i-greenhouse)

Ifektri yezitshalo ihlanganisa imboni yesimanje, i-biotechnology, i-hydroponics yezakhamzimba kanye nobuchwepheshe bolwazi ukuze kuqaliswe ukulawulwa okunembile kwezici zemvelo kulesi sikhungo. Ivalwe ngokuphelele, inezidingo eziphansi endaweni ezungezile, ifinyeza isikhathi sokuvuna izitshalo, yonga amanzi kanye nomanyolo, futhi ngezinzuzo zokukhiqizwa okungenazo izibulala-zinambuzane kanye nokungachithwa kwemfucuza, ukusebenza kahle komhlaba kweyunithi kuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-40 kuya kwezingu-108 kunokukhiqiza endle evulekile. Phakathi kwazo, umthombo wokukhanya ohlakaniphile wokwenziwa kanye nokulawulwa kwendawo yokukhanya kudlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwayo kokukhiqiza.

Njengesici esibalulekile semvelo, ukukhanya kudlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ukukhula kwezitshalo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo. “Esinye sezici eziyinhloko zefektri yezitshalo umthombo wokukhanya ogcwele wokwenziwa kanye nokufezwa kokulawulwa okuhlakaniphile kwendawo yokukhanya” sekuyinto evamile embonini.

Isidingo sezitshalo sokukhanya

Ukukhanya kuwukuphela komthombo wamandla we-photosynthesis yezitshalo. Ukukhanya okunamandla, ikhwalithi yokukhanya (i-spectrum) kanye nezinguquko zokukhanya ngezikhathi ezithile kunomthelela omkhulu ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezitshalo, phakathi kwazo ukuqina kokukhanya kunomthelela omkhulu kwi-photosynthesis yezitshalo.

■ Ukukhanya okukhulu

Ukuqina kokukhanya kungashintsha isimo sezitshalo, njengokuqhakaza, ubude bama-internode, ukujiya kwesiqu, kanye nosayizi wamaqabunga kanye nobukhulu. Izidingo zezitshalo zokuqina kokukhanya zingahlukaniswa zibe izitshalo ezithanda ukukhanya, ezithanda ukukhanya okuphakathi, kanye nezitshalo ezingabekezeleli ukukhanya. Imifino ikakhulukazi izitshalo ezithanda ukukhanya, futhi amaphuzu azo okubuyisela ukukhanya kanye namaphuzu okugcwala kokukhanya aphezulu kakhulu. Emafektri ezitshalo zokukhanya okwenziwe, izidingo ezifanele zezitshalo zokuqina kokukhanya ziyisisekelo esibalulekile sokukhetha imithombo yokukhanya okwenziwe. Ukuqonda izidingo zokukhanya zezitshalo ezahlukene kubalulekile ekuklameni imithombo yokukhanya okwenziwe, Kudingeka kakhulu ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kokukhiqiza kohlelo.

■ Ikhwalithi yokukhanya

Ukusatshalaliswa kwekhwalithi yokukhanya (i-spectral) nakho kunethonya elibalulekile ku-plant photosynthesis kanye ne-morphogenesis (Isithombe 1). Ukukhanya kuyingxenye yemisebe, kanti imisebe iyigagasi le-electromagnetic. Amagagasi e-electromagnetic anezimpawu zamagagasi kanye nezici ze-quantum (izinhlayiya). I-quantum yokukhanya ibizwa ngokuthi i-photon ensimini ye-horticulture. Imisebe enebanga lamagagasi angu-300 ~ 800nm ​​ibizwa ngokuthi imisebe esebenzayo ngokomzimba yezitshalo; kanti imisebe enebanga lamagagasi angu-400 ~ 700nm ibizwa ngokuthi imisebe esebenzayo ye-photosynthetically (PAR) yezitshalo.

I-Chlorophyll kanye ne-carotene yizo pigments ezimbili ezibaluleke kakhulu ku-plant photosynthesis. Isithombe 2 sibonisa i-spectral absorption spectrum ye-pigment ngayinye ye-photosynthetic, lapho i-chlorophyll absorption spectrum igxile khona emabhandeni abomvu naluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Uhlelo lokukhanyisa lusekelwe ezidingweni ze-spectral zezitshalo ukuze kufakwe ukukhanya okwenziwe, ukuze kukhuthazwe i-photosynthesis yezitshalo.

■ isikhathi sesithombe
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-photosynthesis kanye ne-photomorphogenesis yezitshalo kanye nobude bosuku (noma isikhathi se-photoperiod) bubizwa ngokuthi i-photoperiodity yezitshalo. I-photoperiodity ihlobene eduze namahora okukhanya, okubhekisela esikhathini lapho isivuno sikhanyiswa khona ukukhanya. Izitshalo ezahlukene zidinga inani elithile lamahora okukhanya ukuze ziqedele i-photoperiod ukuze ziqhakaze futhi zithele izithelo. Ngokwezikhathi ezahlukene ze-photoperiod, ingahlukaniswa ngezitshalo zosuku olude, njengeklabishi, njll., ezidinga amahora okukhanya angaphezu kwamahora ayi-12-14 esigabeni esithile sokukhula kwayo; izitshalo zosuku olufushane, njengo-anyanisi, ubhontshisi, njll., zidinga amahora okukhanya angaphansi kwamahora ayi-12-14; izitshalo zelanga eliphakathi, ezifana namakhukhamba, utamatisi, upelepele, njll., zingaqhakaza futhi zithele izithelo ngaphansi kokukhanya kwelanga okude noma okufushane.
Phakathi kwezinto ezintathu zemvelo, ukuqina kokukhanya kuyisisekelo esibalulekile sokukhetha imithombo yokukhanya yokwenziwa. Njengamanje, kunezindlela eziningi zokuveza ukuqina kokukhanya, ikakhulukazi okuhlanganisa ezintathu ezilandelayo.
（1）Ukukhanya kubhekisela ekubuneni kobuso bokukhanya okukhanyayo (ukukhanya okukhanyayo endaweni ngayinye) okutholwa endizeni ekhanyisiwe, ku-lux (lx).

（2）Imisebe esebenzayo ngokwe-photosynthesis, i-PAR，Iyunithi：W/m²。

（3）I-PPFD noma i-PPF eba namandla okwenziwa kwe-photon flux yinani lemisebe esebenza ngokwenziwa kwe-photon efinyelela noma edlula ngesikhathi seyunithi nendawo yeyunithi, iyunithi：μmol/(m²·s). Ngokuyinhloko ibhekisela ekukhanyeni okungaphezu kuka-400 ~ 700nm okuhlobene ngqo ne-photosynthesis. Futhi iyisibonakaliso sokukhanya okuvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu emkhakheni wokukhiqizwa kwezitshalo.

Ukuhlaziywa komthombo wokukhanya kohlelo lokukhanya olujwayelekile olungeziwe
Isengezo sokukhanya okwenziwe siwukwandisa amandla okukhanya endaweni okuqondiwe kuyo noma ukwandisa isikhathi sokukhanya ngokufaka uhlelo lokukhanya olungeziwe ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo sokukhanya kwezitshalo. Ngokuvamile, uhlelo lokukhanya olungeziwe luhlanganisa imishini yokukhanya eyengeziwe, amasekethe kanye nohlelo lwayo lokulawula. Imithombo yokukhanya eyengeziwe ihlanganisa ikakhulukazi izinhlobo eziningana ezivamile njengezibani ze-incandescent, izibani ze-fluorescent, izibani ze-metal halide, izibani ze-sodium ezinomfutho ophezulu kanye nama-LED. Ngenxa yokusebenza kahle okuphansi kukagesi nokukhanya kwezibani ze-incandescent, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kwe-photosynthetic okuphansi kanye nokunye ukushiyeka, imakethe isiqedile, ngakho lesi sihloko asenzi ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe.

■ Isibani se-fluorescent
Izibani ze-fluorescent zingezohlobo lwezibani zokukhipha igesi ezinomfutho ophansi. Ishubhu yengilazi igcwele umhwamuko we-mercury noma igesi engasebenzi, kanti udonga lwangaphakathi lweshubhu lumbozwe ngempuphu ye-fluorescent. Umbala wokukhanya uyahlukahluka ngezinto ze-fluorescent ezimbozwe yishubhu. Izibani ze-fluorescent zisebenza kahle kakhulu nge-spectral, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kokukhanya, amandla aphansi, impilo ende (12000h) uma kuqhathaniswa nezibani ze-incandescent, futhi zibiza kancane. Ngenxa yokuthi isibani se-fluorescent ngokwaso sikhipha ukushisa okuncane, singaba seduze nezitshalo zokukhanyisa futhi sifanelekela ukutshalwa kwezinhlobo ezintathu. Kodwa-ke, ukwakheka kwe-spectral kwesibani se-fluorescent akunangqondo. Indlela evame kakhulu emhlabeni ukwengeza izibonisi ukuze kwandiswe izingxenye zomthombo wokukhanya ezisebenzayo zezitshalo endaweni yokulima. Inkampani yaseJapan i-adv-agri iphinde yakha uhlobo olusha lomthombo wokukhanya owengeziwe i-HEFL. I-HEFL empeleni ingeyesigaba sezibani ze-fluorescent. Yigama elijwayelekile lamalambu e-fluorescent e-cold cathode (CCFL) kanye namalambu e-fluorescent e-electrode yangaphandle (EEFL), futhi iyisibani se-fluorescent se-electrode esixubile. Ishubhu le-HEFL lincane kakhulu, linobubanzi obungaba ngu-4mm kuphela, futhi ubude bungalungiswa kusuka ku-450mm kuya ku-1200mm ngokwezidingo zokulima. Liyinguqulo ethuthukisiwe yesibani esivamile se-fluorescent.

■ Isibani se-halide sensimbi
Isibani se-halide yensimbi siyisibani sokukhipha amandla esinamandla kakhulu esingashukumisa izakhi ezahlukene ukuze sikhiqize ubude obuhlukahlukene be-wavelength ngokungeza ama-halide ensimbi ahlukahlukene (i-tin bromide, i-sodium iodide, njll.) epayipini lokukhipha amandla ngesisekelo sesibani se-mercury esinomfutho ophezulu. Izibani ze-halogen zinokukhanya okuphezulu, amandla aphezulu, umbala omuhle wokukhanya, impilo ende, kanye ne-spectrum enkulu. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi ukukhanya kahle kuphansi kunokukhanya kwezibani ze-sodium ezinomfutho ophezulu, futhi isikhathi sokuphila sifushane kunokukhanya kwezibani ze-sodium ezinomfutho ophezulu, okwamanje sisetshenziswa kuphela ezimbonini ezimbalwa zezitshalo.

■ Isibani se-sodium esinomfutho ophezulu
Izibani ze-sodium ezinomfutho ophezulu zingezohlobo lwezibani zokukhipha igesi ezinomfutho ophezulu. Isibani se-sodium esinomfutho ophezulu siyisibani esisebenza kahle kakhulu lapho umhwamuko we-sodium ocindezelwe kakhulu ugcwaliswa khona epayipini lokukhipha, bese kufakwa inani elincane le-xenon (Xe) kanye ne-mercury metal halide. Ngenxa yokuthi izibani ze-sodium ezinomfutho ophezulu zinamandla okuguqula i-electro-optical aphezulu kanye nezindleko zokukhiqiza eziphansi, izibani ze-sodium ezinomfutho ophezulu njengamanje yizona ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kokukhanya okwengeziwe ezindaweni zezolimo. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokushiyeka kokusebenza kahle kwe-photosynthetic okuphansi ku-spectrum yazo, zinezinkinga zokusebenza kahle kwamandla aphansi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izingxenye ze-spectral ezikhishwa izibani ze-sodium ezinomfutho ophezulu zigxile kakhulu ebhendini lokukhanya eliphuzi-orenji, elingenazo i-spectra ebomvu neluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka edingekayo ekukhuleni kwezitshalo.

■ I-diode ekhipha ukukhanya
Njengesizukulwane esisha semithombo yokukhanya, ama-diode akhipha ukukhanya (ama-LED) anezinzuzo eziningi ezifana nokusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwe-electro-optical okuphezulu, i-spectrum elungisekayo, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwe-photosynthetic ephezulu. I-LED ingakhipha ukukhanya kwe-monochromatic okudingekayo ekukhuleni kwezitshalo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezibani ezijwayelekile ze-fluorescent kanye neminye imithombo yokukhanya eyengeziwe, i-LED inezinzuzo zokonga amandla, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo, impilo ende, ukukhanya kwe-monochromatic, umthombo wokukhanya okubandayo njalo njalo. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kokusebenza kahle kwe-electro-optical kwama-LED kanye nokunciphisa izindleko ezibangelwa umphumela wesikali, izinhlelo zokukhanyisa ze-LED zizoba yimishini eyinhloko yokwengeza ukukhanya ezindaweni zezolimo. Ngenxa yalokho, izibani ze-LED zisetshenziswe ngaphezu kwamafektri ezitshalo angama-99.9%.

Ngokuqhathanisa, izici zemithombo yokukhanya eyengeziwe ehlukene zingaqondakala ngokucacile, njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 1.

Idivayisi yokukhanyisa yeselula
Ukuqina kokukhanya kuhlobene kakhulu nokukhula kwezitshalo. Ukutshala okunezinhlangothi ezintathu kuvame ukusetshenziswa emafektri ezitshalo. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokulinganiselwa kwesakhiwo sama-rack okutshala, ukusatshalaliswa kokukhanya okungalingani kanye nokushisa phakathi kwama-rack kuzothinta isivuno sezitshalo futhi isikhathi sokuvuna ngeke sivumelane. Inkampani eBeijing ithuthukise ngempumelelo idivayisi yokufaka isibani sokuphakamisa ngesandla (i-HPS light fixture kanye ne-LED grow light fixture) ngo-2010. Umgomo uwukujikelezisa i-drive shaft kanye ne-winder ebekwe kuyo ngokushukumisa isibambo ukuze kujikeleziswe i-reel encane yefilimu ukuze kufezwe inhloso yokuhoxisa nokukhulula intambo yentambo. Intambo yentambo yesibani sokukhulisa ixhunywe nesondo eligoqayo le-elevator ngamasethi amaningi amasondo abuyela emuva, ukuze kufezwe umphumela wokulungisa ukuphakama kwesibani sokukhulisa. Ngo-2017, inkampani eshiwo ngenhla yaklama futhi yathuthukisa idivayisi entsha yokufaka isibani yeselula, engakwazi ukulungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuphakama kwesibani sokukhulisa ngesikhathi sangempela ngokuya ngezidingo zokukhula kwezitshalo. Idivayisi yokulungisa manje ifakiwe ku-rack yokukhulisa enezinhlangothi ezintathu yohlobo lokukhulisa olunezinhlangothi ezintathu. Ingqimba ephezulu yedivayisi iyizinga elinokukhanya okuhle kakhulu, ngakho ifakwe izibani ze-sodium ezinomfutho ophezulu; ungqimba oluphakathi kanye nongqimba olungezansi lufakwe izibani ze-LED zokukhulisa kanye nohlelo lokulungisa ukuphakamisa. Ingalungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuphakama kokukhanya kokukhulisa ukuze inikeze indawo yokukhanyisa efanelekile yezitshalo.

Uma kuqhathaniswa nedivayisi yokwengeza ukukhanya yeselula eyenzelwe ukutshalwa kwezitshalo okunezinhlangothi ezintathu, iNetherlands ithuthukise idivayisi yokwengeza ukukhanya kokukhulisa ukukhanya kwe-LED evundlile. Ukuze kugwenywe ithonya lomthunzi wokukhanya kokukhulisa ekukhuleni kwezitshalo elangeni, uhlelo lokukhulisa ukukhanya lungasunduzelwa ezinhlangothini zombili zebracket ngeslayidi ye-telescopic ohlangothini oluvundlile, ukuze ilanga likhanyiselwe ngokuphelele ezitshalweni; ezinsukwini ezinamafu nezimvula ngaphandle kokukhanya kwelanga, Cindezela uhlelo lokukhulisa ukukhanya phakathi kwebracket ukuze wenze ukukhanya kohlelo lokukhulisa ukukhanya kugcwalise izitshalo ngokulinganayo; hambisa uhlelo lokukhulisa ukukhanya ngokuvundlile ngeslayidi esisebracket, gwema ukuhlukaniswa njalo nokususwa kohlelo lokukhulisa ukukhanya, futhi unciphise amandla abasebenzi, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ngempumelelo ukusebenza kahle komsebenzi.

Imibono yokuklama yesistimu yokukhanya evamile yokukhulisa
Akunzima ukubona kusukela ekwakhiweni kwedivayisi yokwengeza yokukhanyisa yeselula ukuthi ukwakheka kohlelo lokukhanyisa olungeziwe lwefektri yesitshalo kuvame ukuthatha amandla okukhanya, ikhwalithi yokukhanya kanye nemingcele yesikhathi sokukhanya yezikhathi ezahlukene zokukhula kwezitshalo njengokuqukethwe okuyinhloko komklamo, kuncike ohlelweni lokulawula oluhlakaniphile ukuze lusetshenziswe, kufezwe umgomo wokugcina wokonga amandla kanye nesivuno esikhulu.

Njengamanje, ukwakheka nokwakhiwa kokukhanya okwengeziwe kwemifino enamaqabunga kuye kwakhula kancane kancane. Isibonelo, imifino enamaqabunga ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezine: isigaba sokukhula kwezithombo, ukukhula okuphakathi, ukukhula sekwephuzile, kanye nesigaba sokugcina; imifino yezithelo ingahlukaniswa ngesigaba sokukhula kwezithombo, isigaba sokukhula kwezitshalo, isigaba sokuqhakaza, kanye nesigaba sokuvuna. Kusukela ezimfanelweni zokukhanya okwengeziwe, amandla okukhanya esigabeni sokukhula kwezithombo kufanele abe ngaphansi kancane, ku-60 ~ 200 μmol/(m²·s), bese ekhula kancane kancane. Imifino enamaqabunga ingafinyelela ku-100 ~ 200 μmol/(m²·s), kanti imifino yezithelo ingafinyelela ku-300 ~ 500 μmol/(m²·s) ukuqinisekisa izidingo zokukhanya kwe-photosynthesis yezitshalo esikhathini ngasinye sokukhula nokugcwalisa izidingo zesivuno esiphezulu; Ngokuphathelene nekhwalithi yokukhanya, isilinganiso sobomvu noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka sibaluleke kakhulu. Ukuze kwandiswe ikhwalithi yezithombo futhi kuvinjelwe ukukhula ngokweqile esigabeni sezithombo, isilinganiso sokubomvu kuya kokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokuvamile sibekwa ezingeni eliphansi [(1~2:1], bese sincishiswa kancane kancane ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokwakheka kokukhanya kwezitshalo. Isilinganiso sokubomvu kuya kokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuya kwemifino enamaqabunga singasethwa ku-(3~6):1. Ngesikhathi sokuthwebula izithombe, esifana nokukhanya okukhulu, kufanele sibonise ukuthambekela kokukhula ngokwandiswa kwesikhathi sokukhula, ukuze imifino enamaqabunga ibe nesikhathi esiningi sokwenza izithombe ze-photosynthesis. Umklamo wokwengeza ukukhanya kwezithelo nemifino uzoba nzima kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwemithetho eyisisekelo eshiwo ngenhla, kufanele sigxile ekubekeni isikhathi sokuthwebula izithombe ngesikhathi sokuthwebula izithombe, futhi ukuqhakaza nokuthela izithelo zemifino kumele kukhuthazwe, ukuze kungabuyeli emuva.

Kuhle ukusho ukuthi ifomula yokukhanya kufanele ifake ukwelashwa kokugcina kwezindawo ezikhanyayo. Isibonelo, ukwengeza ukukhanya okuqhubekayo kungathuthukisa kakhulu isivuno kanye nekhwalithi yezithombo zemifino enamaqabunga e-hydroponic, noma kusetshenziswe ukwelashwa kwe-UV ukuthuthukisa kakhulu ikhwalithi yokudla okuhlumayo kanye nemifino enamaqabunga (ikakhulukazi amaqabunga ansomi kanye ne-lettuce yamaqabunga abomvu).

Ngaphezu kokuthuthukisa ukwengezwa kokukhanya kwezitshalo ezikhethiwe, uhlelo lokulawula umthombo wokukhanya kwezinye izimboni zezitshalo zokukhanya ezenziwe luthuthuke ngokushesha eminyakeni yamuva nje. Lolu hlelo lokulawula ngokuvamile lusekelwe esakhiweni se-B/S. Ukulawulwa okukude kanye nokulawulwa okuzenzakalelayo kwezici zemvelo ezifana nokushisa, umswakama, ukukhanya, kanye nokuhlushwa kwe-CO2 ngesikhathi sokukhula kwezitshalo kufezwa nge-WIFI, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, indlela yokukhiqiza engavinjelwe yizimo zangaphandle iyafezwa. Lolu hlobo lohlelo lokukhanya oluhlakaniphile olungeziwe lusebenzisa isibani sokukhulisa i-LED njengomthombo wokukhanya owengeziwe, kuhlanganiswe nohlelo lokulawula oluhlakaniphile olukude, lungahlangabezana nezidingo zokukhanya kwe-wavelength yesitshalo, lufaneleka kakhulu endaweni yokulima izitshalo elawulwa ukukhanya, futhi lungahlangabezana kahle nesidingo semakethe.

Amazwi okuphetha
Izimboni zezitshalo zibhekwa njengendlela ebalulekile yokuxazulula izinkinga zemithombo yomhlaba, inani labantu kanye nezemvelo ekhulwini lama-21, futhi indlela ebalulekile yokufeza ukwaneliseka kokudla kumaphrojekthi obuchwepheshe obuphezulu esizayo. Njengohlobo olusha lwendlela yokukhiqiza ezolimo, izimboni zezitshalo zisesesigabeni sokufunda nokukhula, futhi kudingeka ukunakwa okwengeziwe kanye nocwaningo. Lesi sihloko sichaza izici nezinzuzo zezindlela zokukhanyisa ezengeziwe ezivamile ezimbonini zezitshalo, futhi sethula imibono yokuklama yezinhlelo zokukhanyisa ezengeziwe zezitshalo ezivamile. Akunzima ukuthola ngokuqhathanisa, ukuze ubhekane nokukhanya okuphansi okubangelwa isimo sezulu esibi njengokuguguleka okuqhubekayo kanye nomswakama kanye nokuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa okuphezulu nokuzinzile kwezitshalo zesikhungo, imishini yomthombo wokukhanya we-LED Grow ihambisana kakhulu nemikhuba yamanje yokuthuthukiswa.

Isiqondiso sesikhathi esizayo sentuthuko yezimboni zezitshalo kufanele sigxile ezinzwa ezintsha ezinembile kakhulu, ezingabizi kakhulu, izinhlelo zamadivayisi okukhanyisa i-spectrum ezingalawuleka kude, ezilungisekayo kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula ochwepheshe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izimboni zezitshalo zesikhathi esizayo zizoqhubeka nokuthuthuka zibe ezingabizi kakhulu, ezihlakaniphile, nezizivumelanisa nezimo. Ukusetshenziswa kanye nokuthandwa kwemithombo yokukhanya kwe-LED kunikeza isiqinisekiso sokulawulwa kwemvelo okunembile kakhulu kwezimboni zezitshalo. Ukulawulwa kwemvelo yokukhanya kwe-LED kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ehilela ukulawulwa okuphelele kwekhwalithi yokukhanya, ukuqina kokukhanya, kanye ne-photoperiod. Ochwepheshe nabafundi abafanele badinga ukwenza ucwaningo olujulile, bekhuthaza ukukhanyisa okwengeziwe kwe-LED ezimbonini zezitshalo zokukhanya okwenziwe.