Umbhali: Jing Zhao, Zengchan Zhou, Yunlong Bu, njll. Imithombo Yemidiya: Ubuchwepheshe bokubunjiniyela bezolimo (ukulima ama-greenhouse)

Ifektri yezitshalo ihlanganisa imboni yanamuhla, i-biotechnology, i-hydroponics yezakhamzimba kanye nobuchwepheshe bolwazi lokusebenzisa ukulawulwa okuphezulu kwezici zezemvelo esisendaweni. Ifakwe ngokuphelele, inezidingo eziphansi endaweni ezungezile, ifinyeza isikhathi sokuvuthwa kwesitshalo, isindisa amanzi kanye nomanyolo, futhi ngezinzuzo zokukhishwa kwezinambuzane, ukusebenza kwezindawo ezisetshenziswayo kunezikhathi eziyi-10 kuye kwezingu-108 zalokho kokukhiqizwa kwensimu evulekile. Phakathi kwazo, umthombo wokukhanya onobuhlakani bokufakelwa kanye nomthethonqubo waso wokukhanya kwemvelo udlala indima enqumayo ekusebenzeni kwayo kokukhiqiza.

Njengento ebalulekile yezemvelo yezemvelo, ukukhanya kudlala indima ebalulekile ekulaleni ukukhula kwezitshalo kanye ne-metabolism. "Enye yezici eziyinhloko zefektri yezitshalo ngumthombo ophelele wokukhanya wokukhanya kanye nokugcwaliseka kokulawulwa okukhaliphile kwemvelo ekhanyayo" sekuyinto evamile embonini.

Izitshalo 'Isidingo Sokukhanya

Ukukhanya kungukuphela komthombo wamandla we-Plant Photosynthesis. Ukukhanya okukhanyayo, ikhwalithi ekhanyayo (i-spectrum) nezinguquko zesikhashana zokukhanya kwezikhathi zinomthelela omkhulu ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezilimo, phakathi kokukhanya okukhanyayo kunomthelela omkhulu ku-Plant Photosynthesis.

■ Ukuqina okukhanyayo

Ukuqina kokukhanya kungashintsha i-morphology yezilimo, njengokuqhakaza izimbali, ubude be-internode, ubukhulu be-stem, nobukhulu beqabunga nobukhulu. Izidingo zezitshalo zokuqina kokukhanya zingahlukaniswa izitshalo ezinothando ezinothando, ezilula, ezikhanyayo ezilula neziphansi. Imifino iningi izitshalo ezinothando, futhi amaphuzu abo esinxephezelo sokukhanya kanye namaphuzu wokukhanya okukhanyayo aphezulu. Kumafektri wesitshalo sokukhanya esikhanyayo, izidingo ezifanele zezilimo zokuqina okukhanyayo kuyisisekelo esibalulekile sokukhetha imithombo yokukhanya yokufakelwa. Ukuqonda izidingo zokukhanya kwezitshalo ezahlukahlukene kubalulekile ekuklameni imithombo yokukhanya yokufakelwa, kuyadingeka kakhulu ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza kohlelo.

■ Ikhwalithi ekhanyayo

I-Light Qualived (Spectral) Ukusatshalaliswa nakho kunethonya elibalulekile kwi-Plant Photosynthesis naseMorphogeneis (Umdwebo 1). Ukukhanya kuyingxenye yemisebe, futhi imisebe iyigagasi le-electromagnetic. Amagagasi e-electromagnetic anezici zegagasi kanye ne-quantum (izinhlayiyana) izici. I-quantum yokukhanya ibizwa ngokuthi i-Photon enkombeni yezolimo. Imisebe enobubanzi be-wavelength ka-300 ~ 800nm ​​ibizwa ngemisebe esebenzayo yezitshalo; kanye nemisebe enobubanzi be-wavelength ka-400 ~ 700nm ibizwa nge-photosynsthetical active radiation (par) yezitshalo.

I-Chlorophyll neCarotenees yimizimba emibili ebaluleke kakhulu kwi-Plant Photosynthesis. Umdwebo 2 ukhombisa i-spectrum yokumunca okubukekayo ye-pigment ngayinye ye-photosynthtic, lapho i-chlorophyll inhlamvu spectrum igxile kumabhendi abomvu naluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Uhlelo lokukhanyisa lususelwa kwizidingo zezitshalo zezilimo zokungenisa ngokungemthetho, ukuze kukhuthaze i-photosynthesis yezitshalo.

■ Photoperiod
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-photosynthesis kanye ne-Photomorphogenesis yezitshalo nobude bezinsuku (noma isikhathi se-Photoperiogosios) kubizwa ngokuthi POPPORIty of Plat. I-Photoperaperity ihlobene kakhulu namahora wokukhanya, okusho isikhathi isivuno esilungiselelwe ukukhanya. Izilimo ezahlukene zidinga inani elithile lamahora okukhanya ukuze uqedele i-Photoperiod ukuqhakaza futhi uthele izithelo. Ngokusho kwe-Photoperoperiopers ehlukile, ingahlukaniswa ngezilimo zosuku olude, njengeklabishi, njll., Ezidinga amahora akhanyayo angaphezu kuka-12-14h esigabeni esithile sokukhula kwayo; Izilimo ezimfishane, ezinjenge-anyanisi, ama-soya, njll., zidinga amahora wokukhanyisa ngaphansi kwama-12-14h; Izilimo eziphakathi nendawo, njengamakhukhamba, utamatisi, upelepele, njll., Ungaqhakaza futhi uthele izithelo ngaphansi kwelanga elinde noma elifushane.
Phakathi kwalezi zinto ezintathu zemvelo, ubukhulu bokukhanya buyisisekelo esibalulekile sokukhetha imithombo yokukhanya yokufakelwa. Njengamanje, kunezindlela eziningi zokubonisa ubukhulu bokukhanya, ikakhulukazi kufaka phakathi okulandelayo okulandelayo.
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(2) Imisebe esebenzayo ye-Photosynthetically, par, unit: w / m².

. ngqo ahlobene ne-Photosynthesis. Futhi kuyinkomba yokukhanya esetshenziswa kakhulu emkhakheni wokukhiqizwa kwezitshalo.

Ukuhlaziywa komthombo okukhanyayo kohlelo olujwayelekile lokukhanya
Isengezo sokukhanya okufashini ukwandisa amandla akhanyayo endaweni okuhlosiwe noma ukunweba isikhathi sokukhanya ngokufaka uhlelo lokukhanya okungeziwe ukuze ufeze isidingo esikhanyayo sezitshalo. Ngokuvamile, uhlelo lokukhanya okungeziwe lubandakanya imishini yokukhanya okungezelelweyo, imibuthano kanye nohlelo lwayo lokulawula. Imithombo elula yokukhanya ifaka ikakhulukazi izinhlobo ezijwayelekile ezifana namalambu we-incandescent, amalambu we-fluorescent, amalambu wensimbi e-metal, amalambu we-sodium aphezulu, izibani eziphakeme ze-sodium kanye namalambu we-sodium aphezulu. Ngenxa yokusebenza okuphansi kukagesi nokukhanya kwamalambu we-incandescent, ukusebenza kwamandla okuphansi kwe-photosynthetic kanye nokunye ukushiyeka, sekuqediwe yimakethe, ngakho-ke le ndatshana ingenzi ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe.

■ Isibani se-Fluorescent
Izibani ze-Fluorescent zingelohlobo lohlobo lwamalambu okukhipha amagesi aphansi. I-tube yengilazi igcwele i-mercury vapor noma igesi e-inert, nodonga lwangaphakathi lweshubhu luhlanganiswe ne-fluorescent powder. Umbala okhanyayo uyahlukahluka nge-fluorescent mace cape ku-tube. Izibani ze-Fluorescent zinokusebenza okuhle okubukeka kahle, ukusebenza kahle okukhanyayo okukhanyayo, amandla aphansi, impilo ephansi (12000h) uma kuqhathaniswa nezibani ze-incandescent, kanye nezindleko eziphansi. Ngoba isibani se-fluorescent uqobo sikhipha ukushisa okuncane, kungasondela ezitshalweni zokukhanyisa futhi kufanelekile ukulinyelwa kwezintathu. Kodwa-ke, ukwakheka okubonakalayo kwesibani se-fluorescent akunangqondo. Indlela ejwayelekile emhlabeni ukwengeza izibonelelo ukukhulisa izingxenye zomthombo ezilula zokukhanya kwezilimo endaweni yokutshala. Inkampani ye-Adv-Adgn ye-Adv yaseJapan nayo ithuthukise uhlobo olusha lomthombo wokukhanya owengeziwe Hefl. I-Hefl empeleni ingeyasesigamu sesibani se-fluorescent. Yigama elijwayelekile lamalambu abandayo we-Fluode Fluorescent (CCFL) kanye namaLambu we-Fluorescent angaphandle (eEFL), futhi kuyisibani se-fluorescent exubile. I-hefl tube mncane kakhulu, inobubanzi obungama-4mm kuphela, futhi ubude bungashintshwa kusuka ku-450mm kuya ku-1200mm ngokuya ngezidingo zokutshala. Inguqulo ethuthukisiwe yesibani esijwayelekile se-fluorescent.

■ I-Metal Halide Lamp
I-Metal Halide Lamp iyi-lamp ephakeme yokukhipha i-linsity engavusa izinto ezahlukahlukene ukukhiqiza ama-wavelength ahlukene ngokungeza ama-havelides ensimbi ahlukahlukene (i-tin bromide, i-sodium iodide, njll. Amalambu we-halogen anokusebenza kahle okukhanyayo okukhanyayo, amandla aphezulu, umbala omuhle wokukhanya, impilo ende, kanye ne-spectrum enkulu. Kodwa-ke, ngoba ukusebenza kahle okukhanyayo kuphansi kunalokho kwamalambu we-sodium acindezele kakhulu, futhi impilo yonke imfushane kunaleso samalambu we-sodium aphezulu, okwamanje asetshenziswa emafektri ambalwa wesitshalo.

■ Isibani Esiphakeme Sodium Lamp
Amalambu we-sodium acindezele angowoluhlobo lwamalambu okukhipha amagesi aphezulu. I-High-Pressure SAMP iyisibani esiphakeme kakhulu lapho i-sodium vapor ephezulu ye-sodium igcwaliswe ku-tube ye-conpon, nenani elincane le-xenon (xe) ne-mercury metal halide yengezwa. Ngoba amalambu we-sodium aphezulu anokuguqulwa okuphezulu okuphezulu kwe-electtro-optical ngezindleko eziphansi zokukhiqiza, amalambu we-sodium aphezulu okwamanje asetshenziswa kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kokukhanya okwengeziwe ezikhungweni zezolimo. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokushiyeka kokusebenza kahle kwe-photosynthetic ephansi ku-spectrum yabo, banokushiyeka kwamandla aphansi amandla. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izingxenye ezibukhali ezikhishwe ngamalambu we-sodium acindezelwe kakhulu agxile kubhendi eliphuzi-orange, elingenayo i-red and blue spectra edingekayo ekukhuleni kwezitshalo.

■ ukukhanya okukhipha i-diode
Njengesizukulwane esisha semithombo ekhanyayo, ama-diode akhanyisekayo (ama-LEDs) anezinzuzo eziningi ezinjenge-Electle-Optical Conversion ephakeme, i-spectrum eguqukayo, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwe-photosynthetic. I-LED ingakhipha ukukhanya kwe-monochromatic okudingekayo ekukhuleni kwezitshalo. Uma kuqhathaniswa namalambu ajwayelekile we-fluorescent kanye neminye imithombo yokukhanya okungeziwe, i-LED inezinzuzo zokonga amandla, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo, impilo ende, ukukhanya okukhanyayo, umthombo wokukhanya okubandayo nokunye. Ngokuthuthuka okwengeziwe kokusebenza kwe-electro-optical kwama-LED kanye nokwehliswa kwezindleko ezibangelwa umphumela we-scale, amasistimu wokukhanyisa aholwa azoba yimishini yokukhanya yokwengeza izibani ezikhungweni zezolimo. Ngenxa yalokhu, amalambu aholwa ama-LED asetshenzisiwe amafektri wesitshalo angama-99.9%.

Ngokuqhathanisa, izici zemithombo ehlukahlukene yokungezelela zingaqondakala kahle, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuThebula 1.

Idivayisi yokukhanyisa ephathekayo
Ukuqina kokukhanya kuhlobene kakhulu nokukhula kwezilimo. Ukutshala okunezici ezintathu kuvame ukusetshenziswa kumafektri wesitshalo. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yomkhawulo wokwakheka kwama-racks okulima, ukusatshalaliswa okungalingani kokukhanya kanye nokushisa phakathi kwama-racks kuzothinta isivuno sezilimo kanye nesikhathi sokuvuna ngeke kuvumelaniswe. Inkampani eBeijing ithuthukise ngempumelelo idivaysi yokungezelela yencwajana (i-HPS Lighting Flox futhi iholwe i-LED ikhulisa isibani sokukhanyisa) ngonyaka we-2010. Umgomo uwukujikeleza i-drive shaft futhi u-winder uhlelwe ngakho ngokunyakazisa i-reel encane yefilimu ukufeza inhloso yokubuyisa futhi ungavuli intambo yocingo. Intambo yocingo yokukhanya ukukhanya ixhumeke ngesondo elifudumele le-lifting ye-liftis ngokusebenzisa amasethi amaningi amasondo abuyisa amasondo, ukuze kufinyelelwe umphumela wokulungisa ukuphakama kokukhanya okukhulayo. Ngo-2017, inkampani ebalulwe ngenhla eyenzelwe futhi yathuthukisa idivaysi entsha yokukhanya okuyisisekelo, engaguqula ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuphakama kwesengezo okukhanyayo ngesikhathi sangempela ngokuya ngezidingo zokukhula kwezitshalo. Idivaysi yokulungiswa manje isifakiwe emthonjeni okhanyayo we-3 Ungqimba oluphezulu lwedivayisi luyizinga elinesimo esihle kakhulu sokukhanya, ngakho-ke lihlome ngamalambu we-sodium acindezele kakhulu; Isendlalelo esiphakathi kanye nesendlalelo esingezansi sihlome nge-LED Grow Lights kanye nohlelo lokushintsha oluphakamisayo. Kungashintsha ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuphakama kokukhanya okukhulayo ukuhlinzeka indawo efanelekile yokukhanyisa izilimo.

Uma kuqhathaniswa nedivaysi yokungezelela yeselula elungiselelwe ukulinyelwa okunezinhlangothi ezintathu, iNetherlands ithuthukise i-LED evuselelayo evuselelayo ye-LED Glan apple shop. Ukuze ugweme ithonya lesithunzi sokukhanya kokukhula kokukhula kwezitshalo elangeni, uhlelo olukhanyayo lungaphoqelelwa ezinhlangothini zombili ze-bracket ngesilayidi esivundlile, ukuze ilanga liphelele ukuxhumeka ezitshalweni; Ezinsukwini ezinamafu nezinsuku ezinemvula ngaphandle kokukhanya kwelanga, cindezela uhlelo olukhanyayo lube maphakathi ne-bracket ukwenza ukukhanya kwesistimu ekhanyayo ngokugcwalisa izitshalo; Hambisa uhlelo olukhanyayo olukhulayo ngokuqondile ngesilayidi ku-bracket, gwema ukukhishwa njalo okuxakile kanye nokususwa kohlelo lokukhanya, futhi kunciphise ukuqina kwabasebenzi, okwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwabasebenzi, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle komsebenzi.

Design imibono yohlelo olujwayelekile lokukhanya
Akunzima ukubona kusuka ekwakhiweni kwensiza yokungenisa okukhanyisayo yeselula ukuthi ukwakheka kohlelo lokukhanyisa lwefektri kuvame ukuthatha ukuqina kokukhanya, ikhwalithi yokukhanya kwezikhathi zokukhula kwezitshalo njengokuqukethwe okuyisisekelo , ukuncika ohlelweni lokulawula oluhlakaniphile ukuze kusetshenziswe, ukufeza inhloso yokugcina yokonga amandla kanye nesivuno esikhulu.

Njengamanje, ukwakhiwa nokwakhiwa kokukhanya okungezelelweyo kwemifino enamaqabunga kuyavuleka kancane kancane. Isibonelo, imifino enamaqabunga ingahlukaniswa izigaba ezine: Isiteji sokutshala, ukukhula okuphakathi, ukukhula sekwephuzile kanye nesigaba sokugcina; Imifino yezithelo ingahlukaniswa ngezithombo zesithombo, isigaba sokukhula semifino, isigaba sezimbali, nesigaba sokuvuna. Kusuka ezimthelweni zokuqina kokukhanya okungeziwe, ukuqina kokukhanya esiteji sesithombo kufanele kube phansi kancane, ngo-60 ~ 200 μmol / (m² ²mol / (m² · s), bese kukhula kancane kancane. Imifino enamaqabunga ingafinyelela ku-100 ~ 200 μmol / (m² ²mol), nemifino yezithelo ingafinyelela kuma-300 ~ 500 μmol / (m² μmol / (m² μmol / (m isivuno esikhulu; Ngokuya kwekhwalithi ekhanyayo, isilinganiso sokubomvu kuya kweblue sibaluleke kakhulu. Ukuze wandise ikhwalithi yezithombo futhi uvikele ukukhula ngokweqile esiteji sesithombo, isilinganiso sokubomvu kuya kweblue ngokuvamile sisethwe esingeni eliphansi [(1 ~ 2): 1], bese sinciphisa kancane kancane ukufeza izidingo zesitshalo I-morphology ekhanyayo. Isilinganiso sombala obomvu kuya kweblue imifino enamahlamvu ingasethwa (3 ~ 6): 1. Okwe-Photoperiod, okufana nokuqina kokukhanya, kufanele kubonise umkhuba ukwanda nokwandiswa kwesikhathi sokukhula, ukuze imifino enamahlamvu inesikhathi sokutholwa se-photosynthesis. Isengezo sesengezo esikhanyayo sezithelo nemifino kuzoba yinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe. Ngaphezu kwemithetho eyisisekelo ebalulwe ngenhla, kufanele sigxile ekuhlelweni kwe-Photoperioper ngesikhathi sezimbali, kanti izimbali kanye nezithelo zemifino kufanele zithuthukiswe.

Kuyafaneleka ukusho ukuthi ifomula elikhanyayo kufanele lifake ukwelashwa kokuphela kwezilungiselelo zemvelo ezikhanyayo. Isibonelo, ukungenisa okuqhubekayo kokukhanya kungakuthuthukisa kakhulu isivuno kanye nekhwalithi yezithombo zemifino enamahlamvu e-hydroponic, noma usebenzise ukwelashwa kwe-UV kuthuthukise kakhulu amahlumela kanye nemifino enamahlamvu (amaqabunga abomvu amaqabunga).

Ngaphezu kokwenza kahle ukusetha okukhanyayo kwezilimo ezikhethiwe, uhlelo lokulawula lomthombo wokukhanya lwamafomu athile okukhanya okukhanya okukhanya lithuthukile ngokushesha eminyakeni yamuva. Lolu hlelo lokulawula ngokuvamile lususelwa kwisakhiwo se-B / S. Ukulawula okukude nokulawulwa okuzenzakalelayo kwezici zezemvelo ezifana lokushisa, umswakama, ukukhanya, kanye nokuhlushwa kwe-CO2 ngesikhathi sokukhula kwezilimo kutholakala nge-wifi, futhi ngasikhathi sinye, indlela yokukhiqiza engakhawulwanga yizimo zangaphandle iyabonakala. Lolu hlobo lohlelo lokukhanya olungezekayo olwengeziwe lusebenzisa ukulungiswa kokukhanya kwe-LED njengomthombo wokukhanya okungeziwe, okuhlanganiswe nohlelo lokulawula olukude, lungahlangabezana nezidingo zesitshalo esilawulwa isitshalo, futhi singahlangabezana kahle nemakethe .

Ukuphetha Amazwi
Izimbongi zezitshalo zithathwa njengendlela ebalulekile yokuxazulula izinsiza zomhlaba, inani labantu kanye nezinkinga zemvelo ngekhulu lama-21, futhi indlela ebalulekile yokuthola ukwaneliseka kokudla kwamaphrojekthi aphezulu wezobuchwepheshe. Njengohlobo olusha lwendlela yokukhiqiza yezolimo, amafektri wesitshalo asesesigabeni sokufunda nasekukhuleni, futhi kudingeka ukunakwa okwengeziwe nocwaningo. Le ndatshana ichaza izici nezinzuzo zezindlela ezijwayelekile zokukhanyisa ezingezekayo kumafektri ezitshalo, futhi wethula imibono yokwakhiwa kwezinhlelo ezijwayelekile zokukhanyisa kwezitshalo. Akunzima ukuthola ngokuqhathanisa, ukuze ubhekane nokukhanya okuphansi okubangelwa isimo sezulu esibi njengokuqhubeka okunamafu futhi uqinisekise ukukhiqizwa komthombo ophakeme futhi okuzinzile kuhambisana nentuthuko yamanje izitayela.

Ukuqondiswa kwentuthuko esikhathini esizayo sefektri yesitshalo kufanele kugxile ekukhetheni okuphezulu okuphezulu, izinzwa ezibiza amahlandla aphansi, izinzwa ezikude kakhulu, ezinhle kakhulu, izinhlelo eziguqukayo zokukhanyisa ama-spectrum khanyisa kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula uchwepheshe. Ngasikhathi sinye, amafektri wesitshalo esizayo azoqhubeka ukuthuthuka ngokubiza izindleko eziphansi, ahlakaniphile, futhi azivumelanise nezimo. Ukusetshenziswa nokuthandwa kwemithombo yokukhanya ye-LED kunikeza isiqinisekiso sokulawulwa kwemvelo okunengqondo okuphezulu kwamafektri wesitshalo. Ukulawulwa Kwemvelo Ye-LED kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ebandakanya ukulawulwa okuphelele kwekhwalithi ekhanyayo, ukuqina okukhanyayo, kanye ne-Photoporiod. Ochwepheshe abathintekayo nezazi kudingeka baqhube ucwaningo olunzulu, ukukhuthaza ukukhanyisa okungeziwe kwe-LED kumafektri wesitshalo sokukhanya.