original U-Zhang Zhuoyan Greenhouse Horticulture Agricultural Engineering Technology 2022-09-09 17:20 Kuthunyelwe e-Beijing

Izinhlobo ezijwayelekile ze-greenhouse nezici zokutshala amajikijolo

Amajikijolo avunwa unyaka wonke enyakatho yeChina futhi adinga ukutshalwa kwe-greenhouse. Kodwa-ke, izinkinga ezihlukahlukene zatholakala ohlelweni lokutshala langempela kusetshenziswa izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinsiza ezifana nezindawo zokugcina izithombo zelanga, izindawo zokugcina izithombo ezinezikhathi eziningi, kanye nezindawo zokugcina izithombo zefilimu.

01 I-Greenhouse yefilimu

Inzuzo yokukhula amajikijolo ku-greenhouse yefilimu ukuthi kunezikhala ezine zokungenisa umoya ezinhlangothini zombili nangaphezulu kwe-greenhouse, ngayinye enobubanzi obungama-50-80cm, futhi umphumela wokungenisa umoya muhle. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi akulungile ukungeza izinto zokufaka ezishisayo njengama-quilts, umphumela wokushisa oshisayo awulungile. Izinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu ebusuku ebusika obusenyakatho ngu-9°C, kanti izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile ku-greenhouse yefilimu ngu-8°C. Amajikijolo awakwazi ukutshalwa ebusika.

02 I-Solar Greenhouse

Inzuzo yokutshala amajikijolo ku-greenhouse yelanga ukuthi lapho izinga lokushisa elincane elijwayelekile ebusuku ebusika obusenyakatho liyi--9 ° C, izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile ku-greenhouse yelanga lingafinyelela ku-8 ° C. Kodwa-ke, udonga lomhlabathi lwe-greenhouse yelanga luholela ekusetshenzisweni kwayo okuphansi komhlaba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kunezikhala ezimbili zokuvula umoya ohlangothini oluseningizimu nangaphezulu kwe-greenhouse yelanga, ngayinye enobubanzi obungu-50-80cm, futhi umphumela wokungenisa umoya awulungile.

03 I-greenhouse ene-multi-span

Inzuzo yokutshala amajikijolo endaweni yokushisa ifilimu ene-multi-span ukuthi isakhiwo se-greenhouse esinezinkathi eziningi asihlali endaweni yokulima eyengeziwe, futhi izinga lokusebenzisa umhlaba liphezulu. Kunezimbobo eziyisishiyagalombili zokuvula umoya ezinhlangothini ezine nangaphezulu kwe-greenhouse ebanzi (thatha i-30mx30m ye-greenhouse ebanzi njengesibonelo). Umphumela wokungenisa umoya uqinisekisiwe. Kodwa-ke, lapho izinga lokushisa elincane elijwayelekile ebusuku ebusika obusenyakatho lingu--9°C, izinga lokushisa elivamile ku-greenhouse yefilimu ye-multi-span ngu--7°C. Ebusika, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwansuku zonke ukugcina izinga lokushisa elincane lasendlini libe ngu-15°C ukuze amajikijolo akhule evamile angafinyelela ku-340 kW•h/667m.².

Kusukela ngo-2018 kuya ku-2022, ithimba lababhali liye lahlola futhi laqhathanisa imiphumela yokusetshenziswa kwezindawo zokugcina izithombo zefilimu, izindawo zokugcina izithombo zelanga kanye nezindawo zokugcina izithombo ze-multi-span. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-greenhouse ehlakaniphile efanelekile ukutshala amajikijolo yaklanywa futhi yakhiwa ngendlela ehlosiwe.

Ukuqhathanisa izici eziyinhloko ze-greenhouse ehlukene

Izindlu zokugcina izithombo zefilimu, izindawo zokugcina izithombo zelanga kanye nezindawo zokugcina izithombo ezinama-multi-span

I-greenhouse ephindwe kabili yamajikijolo

Ngesisekelo sezindawo zokugcina izithombo ezivamile, ithimba lomlobi laklama futhi lakha indawo yokushisa ephindwe kabili yokutshala amajikijolo, futhi lenza ukutshala kwecala ngama-raspberries njengesibonelo. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi i-greenhouse entsha idala indawo ekhulayo efaneleka kakhulu ukutshala amajikijolo, futhi ithuthukise ukunambitheka nokuqukethwe okunomsoco kwama-raspberries.

Ukuqhathanisa Ukwakhiwa Kwezakhi Zezithelo

I-greenhouse ephindwe kabili

I-double-span greenhouse iwuhlobo olusha lwe-greenhouse omphumela wayo wokungenisa umoya, umphumela wokukhanyisa kanye nezinga lokusebenzisa umhlaba olungele ukutshalwa kwamaberry. Amapharamitha esakhiwo akhonjiswe kuthebula elingezansi.

Iphrofayili ye-greenhouse ephindwe kabili/mm

Imingcele yesakhiwo se-greenhouse ene-span kabili

Ukuphakama kokutshala kwamajikijolo kuhlukile ekuphakameni kokutshala kwemifino yendabuko. Izinhlobo zama-raspberry ezitshaliwe zingafinyelela ngaphezu kwama-2m. Ehlangothini elingezansi le-greenhouse, izitshalo zeberry zizoba phezulu kakhulu futhi ziphule ifilimu. Ukukhula kwamajikijolo kudinga ukukhanya okuqinile (ingqikithi yemisebe yelanga engamayunithi angama-400 ~ 800 (10)⁴W/m²). Kungabonakala etafuleni elingezansi ukuthi isikhathi eside sokukhanya kanye nokuqina kokukhanya okuphezulu ehlobo kunomthelela omncane kumajikijolo, futhi ebusika ukukhanya okuphansi okuphansi kanye nesikhathi sokukhanya esifushane kubangele ukwehla okuphawulekayo kwesivuno samajikijolo. Kukhona nomehluko ekukhanyeni kokukhanya emaceleni asenyakatho naseningizimu ye-solar greenhouse, okuholela ekuhlukeni kokukhula kwezitshalo enyakatho naseningizimu. Ingqimba yenhlabathi yokwakhiwa kodonga lwenhlabathi ye-greenhouse ye-solar yonakaliswe kakhulu, izinga lokusebenzisa umhlaba liyingxenye kuphela, futhi izinyathelo zokuvimbela imvula zonakaliswa ngokwanda kokuphila kwenkonzo.

imiphumela yokuqina kokukhanya kanye nobude besikhathi sokukhanya ekuvuneni okusajingijolo ebusika nasehlobo

ukusetshenziswa komhlaba

01 Ukungenisa umoya obamba ukushisa

I-greenhouse entsha ephindwe kabili ikhulise ukuphakama kwe-downwind vent endaweni ephansi kakhulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi akukho filimu endaweni yokutshala engavimbela ukukhula kwezitshalo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezintuba eziphansi ezinobubanzi obungu-0.4-0.6m ezindlini zokushisa zelanga ezijwayelekile, izimbobo ezinobubanzi obungu-1.2-1.5m endaweni ebamba ukushisa ephindwe kabili ziyiphindaphinde kabili indawo yokukhipha umoya.

02 Izinga lokusetshenziswa komhlaba le-greenhouse kanye nokufudumala nokufaka ukufudumala

I-double-span greenhouse incike endaweni eyi-16m nobude obungu-5.5m. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezindawo zokugcina izithombo zelanga ezivamile, indawo yangaphakathi inkulu izikhathi ezingu-1.5, kanti i-95% yendawo yokutshala yangempela itholakala ngaphandle kokwakha izindonga zenhlabathi, okuthuthukisa izinga lokusebenzisa umhlaba ngaphezu kuka-40%. Ihluke odongeni lomhlabathi olwakhelwe ukufakwa kokushisa okushisayo nokugcinwa kokushisa ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo zelanga, i-double-span greenhouse yamukela uhlelo lwangaphakathi lwe-thermal insulation kanye nesistimu yokushisa ipayipi yokushisa phansi, engahlali endaweni yokutshala. I-span enkulu iletha indawo ephindwe kabili kanye nenani lokudlulisa ukukhanya, okwandisa indawo yokugcina ukushisa kwenhlabathi ngo-0 ~ 5°C unyaka nonyaka. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-insulation insulation quilt yangaphakathi kanye nesethi yamapayipi okushisa aphansi okushisa kwengezwa ku-greenhouse ukuze kugcinwe izinga lokushisa langaphakathi le-greenhouse libe ngaphezu kwe-15 ° C ngaphansi kwegagasi elibandayo elingu-20 ° C ebusika obusenyakatho, ngaleyo ndlela ukuqinisekisa okukhipha evamile amajikijolo ebusika.

03 Ukukhanyisa kwe-greenhouse

Ukukhula kwamajikijolo kunezidingo eziphezulu ekukhanyeni, okudinga ukukhanya kwelanga okuphelele kwamayunithi angama-400-800 emisebe (10).⁴W/m²) amandla okukhanya. Izici ezithinta ukukhanya kwe-greenhouse zihlanganisa izimo zezulu, izinkathi zonyaka, i-latitude kanye nezakhiwo zokwakha. Ezokuqala ezintathu ziyizigigaba zemvelo futhi azilawulwa abantu, kuyilapho lezi zamuva zilawulwa abantu. Ukukhanya kwe-greenhouse kuhlobene kakhulu ne-greenhouse orientation (ngaphakathi kwe-10 ° eningizimu noma enyakatho), i-angle yophahla (20 ~ 40 °), indawo yomthunzi yezinto zokwakha, ukudlulisa ukukhanya kwefilimu yepulasitiki nokungcola, amaconsi amanzi, izinga lokuguga, lezi yizici eziyinhloko ezithinta ukukhanya kwe-greenhouse. Khansela ukufakwa kwangaphandle kwe-thermal futhi wamukele isakhiwo sangaphakathi sokushisa okushisayo, esinganciphisa indawo ye-shading ngo-20%. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kokudluliswa kokukhanya kanye nempilo yesevisi ephumelelayo yefilimu, kuyadingeka ukususa amanzi emvula neqhwa ebusweni befilimu ngesikhathi. Ngemva kokuhlolwa, kutholwe ukuthi i-engeli yophahla engu-25~27° ivumelana kakhulu nokwehla kwemvula nesithwathwa. Ubude obukhulu be-greenhouse kanye nokuhlelwa kwenyakatho-eningizimu kungenza umfaniswano wokukhanyisa ukuxazulula inkinga yokungaguquki kwezitshalo ku-greenhouse efanayo.

I-greenhouse yepulasitiki ekhethekile ene-span enkulu yamajikijolo

Ithimba lababhali lacwaninga futhi lakha indawo yokushisa ebanzi. Le greenhouse inezinzuzo ezinhle ekwakhiweni kwezindleko, isivuno samajikijolo kanye nokusebenza kokushisa okushisayo.

Imingcele yesakhiwo esikhulu se-greenhouse

Isakhiwo esikhulu se-greenhouse

01 Inzuzo yezinga lokushisa

I-greenhouse ene-span enkulu ayidingi izindonga zenhlabathi, futhi izinga lokusebenzisa umhlaba we-greenhouse evamile yelanga lenyuka ngaphezu kwama-30%. Kunqunywe ukuthi indawo enkulu yokushisa yangaphandle yepulasitiki eshisayo ingafinyelela ku-6°C lapho izinga lokushisa langaphandle liku-15°C, kanti umehluko wokushisa phakathi kwasendlini nangaphandle ungu-21°C. Ngokuphathelene nokushisa okushisayo, kufana nokusebenza kwe-solar greenhouse.

Ukuqhathanisa ukusebenza kokushisa okushisayo nokusebenza kokukhipha ukushisa phakathi kwe-green-span enkulu kanye ne-solar greenhouse ebusika.

02 Izinzuzo zesakhiwo

Lesi sikhungo sinesakhiwo esinengqondo, isisekelo esiqinile, ukumelana nomoya webanga le-10, umthwalo weqhwa ongu-0.43kN/m², ukumelana okuqinile nezinhlekelele zemvelo ezifana nemvula kanye nokunqwabelana kweqhwa, nempilo yesevisi engaphezu kweminyaka engu-15. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezindawo zokugcina izithombo ezivamile, indawo yangaphakathi yendawo efanayo iyanda izikhathi ezingu-2 ~ 3, elungele ukusebenza ngomshini, futhi ifanele ukutshalwa kwezitshalo ezinezitshalo ezinde (2m ± 1m).

03 Izinzuzo zemvelo yokukhanya nendawo

Izindlu zokugcina izithombo ezinobude obukhulu zizuzisa kakhulu ekuphathweni kwabasebenzi kanye nokuhlela ekutshaleni okukhulu, futhi zingagwema ngempumelelo imfucuza yabasebenzi. Idizayini yophahla lwendlu ebamba ukushisa ene-span enkulu icabangela ngokugcwele i-engeli yokuphakama kwelanga kanye ne-engeli yesigameko yokukhanya kwelanga endaweni yefilimu ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene ze-latitude , ukuze ikwazi ukwakha izimo zokukhanya ezikahle ezinkathini zonyaka ezahlukene kanye nezikhathi zesigameko ezihlukahlukene zokukhanya kwelanga (kuhlangene i-engeli ephakathi kwendawo yefilimu nomhlaba ingu-27° ukuze imvula neqhwa kushelele phansi ngokuphelele) , ukuze kuncishiswe ukuhlakazeka nokuhlehla kokukhanya ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi kwandiswe ukusetshenziswa kwamandla elanga. Isikhala se-greenhouse enkulu-span sikhuphuka izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezingu-2, kanti i-CO₂ uma kuqhathaniswa nomoya kwanda izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezingu-2, okuhambisana nokukhula kwezitshalo futhi kufeza inhloso yokwandisa umkhiqizo.

Ukuqhathaniswa kwezindawo ezahlukene zokutshala amajikijolo

Inhloso yokwakha i-greenhouse efaneleka kakhulu ukutshala amajikijolo ukuthola indawo ebalulekile yokukhula kanye nokulawulwa kwemvelo ekutshaleni amajikijolo, futhi ukukhula kwezitshalo ngendlela enembile kukhombisa izinzuzo kanye nokubi kwendawo yazo ekhulayo.

Ukuqhathanisa ukukhula raspberries in zokugcina izithombo ezahlukene

Ukuqhathanisa ukukhula raspberries in zokugcina izithombo ezahlukene

Ubuningi kanye nekhwalithi yesivuno sezithelo zama-raspberry nakho kuncike endaweni ekhulayo kanye nokulawulwa kwemvelo. Izinga elijwayelekile lokuthobela isithelo sezinga lokuqala lingaphezulu kuka-70% kanye nomphumela ongu-4t/667m² kusho inzuzo ephezulu.

ukuqhathaniswa kwesivuno sezindlu zokugcina izithombo ezahlukene kanye nezinga elijwayelekile lokuhambisana nezithelo ezisezingeni lokuqala

Imikhiqizo yokusajingijolo 

Ulwazi lokucaphuna

I-Zhang Zhuoyan.Isakhiwo esikhethekile esilungele ukutshala ama-raspberry [J]. I-Agricultural Engineering Technology, 2022,42(22):12-15.