Isifinyezo: Izithombo zemifino ziyisinyathelo sokuqala ekukhiqizweni kwemifino, futhi ikhwalithi yezithombo ibaluleke kakhulu ekuvuneni nasezingeni lemifino ngemva kokutshala. Ngokuqhubeka kokuthuthukiswa kokuhlukaniswa kwabasebenzi embonini yemifino, izithombo zemifino ziye zakha kancane kancane uchungechunge oluzimele lwezimboni futhi zakhonza ukukhiqizwa kwemifino. Zithintwa yisimo sezulu esibi, izindlela zendabuko zokutshala izithombo zibhekana nezinselele eziningi ngokungenakugwenywa njengokukhula kancane kwezithombo, ukukhula okunemilenze emide, kanye nezinambuzane nezifo. Ukuze babhekane nezithombo ezinemilenze emide, abalimi abaningi bezentengiselwano basebenzisa abalawuli bokukhula. Kodwa-ke, kunezingozi zokuqina kwezithombo, ukuphepha kokudla kanye nokungcola kwemvelo ngokusebenzisa abalawuli bokukhula. Ngaphezu kwezindlela zokulawula amakhemikhali, yize ukukhuthazwa ngomshini, izinga lokushisa kanye nokulawula amanzi nakho kungadlala indima ekuvimbeleni ukukhula kwezithombo okunemilenze emide, azilula futhi azisebenzi kahle. Ngaphansi komthelela wobhubhane olusha lwe-Covid-19 emhlabeni wonke, izinkinga zobunzima bokuphathwa kokukhiqiza okubangelwa ukushoda kwabasebenzi kanye nezindleko zabasebenzi ezikhuphukayo embonini yezithombo ziye zabonakala kakhulu.

Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe bokukhanyisa, ukusetshenziswa kokukhanya okwenziwe ekukhuliseni izithombo zemifino kunezinzuzo zokusebenza kahle kwezithombo, izinambuzane nezifo ezimbalwa, kanye nokuma okulula. Uma kuqhathaniswa nemithombo yokukhanya yendabuko, isizukulwane esisha semithombo yokukhanya ye-LED sinezici zokonga amandla, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, impilo ende, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo nokuqina, usayizi omncane, imisebe ephansi yokushisa, kanye nokuphakama kwamaza amancane. Ingakha ububanzi obufanele ngokwezidingo zokukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwezithombo endaweni yezimboni zezitshalo, futhi ilawule ngokunembile inqubo yomzimba kanye ne-metabolic yezithombo, ngesikhathi esifanayo, inegalelo ekukhiqizweni kwezithombo zemifino okungenakungcola, okujwayelekile nokusheshayo, futhi ifinyeze umjikelezo wezithombo. ENingizimu yeShayina, kuthatha cishe izinsuku ezingama-60 ukutshala izithombo zikapelepele notamatisi (amaqabunga eqiniso angu-3-4) ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo zepulasitiki, kanye nezinsuku ezingaba ngu-35 zezithombo zikakhukhamba (amaqabunga eqiniso angu-3-5). Ngaphansi kwezimo zefektri yezitshalo, kuthatha izinsuku ezingu-17 kuphela ukutshala izithombo zikapelepele kanye nezinsuku ezingu-25 zezithombo zikapelepele ngaphansi kwezimo zesikhathi sokukhanya samahora angu-20 kanye ne-PPF engu-200-300 μmol/(m2•s). Uma kuqhathaniswa nendlela evamile yokutshala izithombo endlini eluhlaza okotshani, ukusetshenziswa kwendlela yokutshala izithombo zefektri yezitshalo ze-LED kunciphise kakhulu umjikelezo wokukhula kwekhukhamba ngezinsuku eziyi-15-30, kanti inani lezimbali zesifazane nezithelo ngesitshalo ngasinye lenyuke ngo-33.8% kanye no-37.3%, ngokulandelana, kanti isivuno esiphezulu senyuke ngo-71.44%.

Ngokuphathelene nokusebenza kahle kwamandla, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kwezimboni zezitshalo kuphakeme kunezindawo zokugcina izitshalo zohlobo lweVenlo eziku-latitude efanayo. Isibonelo, efektri yezitshalo yaseSweden, kudingeka ama-MJ angu-1411 ukukhiqiza i-1 kg yento eyomile yelethisi, kuyilapho kudingeka ama-MJ angu-1699 ku-greenhouse. Kodwa-ke, uma kubalwa ugesi odingekayo ngekhilogremu yento eyomile yelethisi, ifektri yezitshalo idinga ama-kW·h angu-247 ukukhiqiza isisindo se-1 kg yelethisi esomile, kanti izindawo zokugcina izitshalo eSweden, eNetherlands, nase-United Arab Emirates zidinga ama-kW·h angu-182, 70 kW·h, kanye no-111 kW·h, ngokulandelana.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, efektri yezitshalo, ukusetshenziswa kwamakhompyutha, imishini ezenzakalelayo, ubuhlakani bokwenziwa kanye nobunye ubuchwepheshe kungalawula ngokunembile izimo zemvelo ezifanele ukutshalwa kwezithombo, kususe ukulinganiselwa kwezimo zemvelo zemvelo, futhi kufeze ukukhiqizwa kwezithombo okuhlakaniphile, okwenziwe ngomshini kanye nonyaka okuzinzile. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izithombo zezitshalo ziye zasetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwezentengiselwano kwemifino enamaqabunga, imifino yezithelo kanye nezinye izitshalo zomnotho eJapane, eNingizimu Korea, eYurophu nase-United States nakwamanye amazwe. Ukutshalwa kwezimali kokuqala okuphezulu kwezimboni zezitshalo, izindleko zokusebenza eziphezulu, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla amakhulu ohlelweni kuseyizinto ezivimbela ukukhuthazwa kobuchwepheshe bokutshalwa kwezithombo ezimbonini zezitshalo zaseShayina. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukucabangela izidingo zokukhiqiza okuphezulu nokonga amandla ngokwemigomo yamasu okuphatha ukukhanya, ukusungulwa kwamamodeli okukhula kwemifino, kanye nemishini yokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela ukuthuthukisa izinzuzo zomnotho.

Kulesi sihloko, ithonya lemvelo yokukhanya kwe-LED ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezithombo zemifino emafektri ezitshalo eminyakeni yamuva nje liyabuyekezwa, kanye nombono wesiqondiso socwaningo sokulawulwa kokukhanya kwezithombo zemifino emafektri ezitshalo.

1. Imiphumela Yendawo Ekhanyayo Ekukhuleni Nasekuthuthukisweni Kwezithombo Zemifino

Njengenye yezinto ezibalulekile zemvelo zokukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo, ukukhanya akugcini nje ngokuba umthombo wamandla ezitshalweni ukuze zenze i-photosynthesis, kodwa futhi kuyisignali ebalulekile ethinta i-photomorphogenesis yezitshalo. Izitshalo zizwa isiqondiso, amandla kanye nekhwalithi yokukhanya yesignali ngohlelo lwesignali yokukhanya, zilawula ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwazo, futhi zisabela ekubeni khona noma ukungabikho, ubude be-wavelength, ubukhali kanye nobude bokukhanya. Ama-photoreceptor ezitshalo aziwa njengamanje afaka okungenani amakilasi amathathu: ama-phytochrome (PHYA~PHYE) azwa ukukhanya okubomvu nokubomvu kakhulu (FR), ama-cryptochrome (CRY1 kanye ne-CRY2) azwa ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye ne-ultraviolet A, kanye nama-Elements (Phot1 kanye ne-Phot2), i-UV-B receptor UVR8 ezwa i-UV-B. Lawa ma-photoreceptor ahlanganyela futhi alawula ukuvezwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezihlobene bese elawula imisebenzi yokuphila efana nokuhluma kwembewu yezitshalo, i-photomorphogenesis, isikhathi sokuqhakaza, ukuhlanganiswa nokuqongelela kwama-metabolites esibili, kanye nokubekezelela ukucindezeleka kwe-biotic kanye ne-abiotic.

2. Ithonya lendawo yokukhanya kwe-LED ekusungulweni kwezitshalo zemifino ngendlela ye-photomorphological

2.1 Imiphumela Yekhwalithi Ehlukile Yokukhanya Ekushintsheni Kwesimo Sezitshalo Zemifino

Izindawo ezibomvu neziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ze-spectrum zinamandla aphezulu e-quantum ekwenziweni kwe-photosynthesis yamaqabunga ezitshalo. Kodwa-ke, ukuchayeka isikhathi eside kwamaqabunga ekhukhamba ekukhanyeni okubomvu okumsulwa kuzolimaza uhlelo lwe-photosystem, okuholela esimweni "se-red light syndrome" njengokusabela okubambezelekile kwesisu, ukwehla kwamandla e-photosynthesis kanye nokusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa kwe-nitrogen, kanye nokulibaziseka kokukhula. Ngaphansi kwesimo sokukhanya okuphansi (100±5 μmol/(m2•s)), ukukhanya okubomvu okumsulwa kungalimaza ama-chloroplast amaqabunga amancane navuthiwe ekhukhamba, kodwa ama-chloroplast alimele atholakala ngemuva kokuthi ashintshwe ekukhanyeni okubomvu okumsulwa kuya ekukhanyeni okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (R:B= 7:3). Ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho izitshalo zekhukhamba zishintsha zisuka endaweni yokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ziya endaweni yokukhanya okubomvu okumsulwa, ukusebenza kahle kwe-photosynthesis akuzange kwehle kakhulu, okubonisa ukuzivumelanisa nendawo yokukhanya okubomvu. Ngokusebenzisa i-electron microscope ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo samaqabunga ezithombo zekhukhamba ezine-"red light syndrome", abahloli bathole ukuthi inani lama-chloroplast, usayizi wama-granule esitashi, kanye nobukhulu be-grana emaqabungeni ngaphansi kokukhanya okubomvu okumsulwa kwakuphansi kakhulu kunalawo angaphansi kokwelashwa kokukhanya okumhlophe. Ukungenelela kokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuthuthukisa isakhiwo se-ultrastructure kanye nezici ze-photosynthesis zama-chloroplast ekhukhamba futhi kuqeda ukuqongelela ngokweqile kwezakhamzimba. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhanya okumhlophe kanye nokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ukukhanya okubomvu okumsulwa kwakhuthaza ukwanda kwe-hypocotyl kanye nokwanda kwe-cotyledon kwezithombo zikatamatisi, kwandise kakhulu ukuphakama kwesitshalo nendawo yamaqabunga, kodwa kwehlisa kakhulu amandla e-photosynthesis, kunciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-Rubisco kanye nokusebenza kahle kwe-photochemical, kanye nokwanda okukhulu kokushabalaliswa kokushisa. Kungabonakala ukuthi izinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo zisabela ngendlela ehlukile ekhwalithini efanayo yokukhanya, kodwa uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhanya kwe-monochromatic, izitshalo zisebenza kahle kakhulu nge-photosynthesis kanye nokukhula okunamandla endaweni yokukhanya okuxubile.

Abacwaningi benze ucwaningo oluningi mayelana nokwenza ngcono inhlanganisela yekhwalithi yokukhanya yezithombo zemifino. Ngaphansi kokukhanya okufanayo, ngokwanda kwesilinganiso sokukhanya okubomvu, ukuphakama kwesitshalo kanye nesisindo esisha sezithombo zikatamatisi nekhukhamba kwathuthukiswa kakhulu, kanti ukwelashwa ngesilinganiso esibomvu nesiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka esingu-3:1 kwaba nomphumela omuhle kakhulu; ngokuphambene nalokho, isilinganiso esiphezulu sokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka Kwavimbela ukukhula kwezithombo zikatamatisi nekhukhamba, ezazimfushane futhi zincane, kodwa kwandise okuqukethwe kwezinto ezomile kanye ne-chlorophyll emahlumela ezithombo. Amaphethini afanayo ayabonwa kwezinye izitshalo, njengopelepele namakhabe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhanya okumhlophe, ukukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (R:B=3:1) akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa kakhulu ukujiya kwamaqabunga, okuqukethwe kwe-chlorophyll, ukusebenza kahle kwe-photosynthesis kanye nokusebenza kahle kokudluliselwa kwama-electron kwezithombo zikatamatisi, kodwa futhi namazinga okuvezwa kwama-enzyme ahlobene nomjikelezo weCalvin, ukukhula okuqukethwe kwemifino kanye nokuqoqwa kwama-carbohydrate nakho kwathuthukiswa kakhulu. Uma kuqhathaniswa izilinganiso ezimbili zokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (R:B=2:1, 4:1), isilinganiso esiphezulu sokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka sasingcono kakhulu ekubangeleni ukwakheka kwezimbali zesifazane ezitshalweni zekhukhamba futhi sasheshisa isikhathi sokuqhakaza kwezimbali zesifazane. Nakuba izilinganiso ezahlukene zokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zazingenawo umthelela omkhulu ekuvuneni kwesisindo esisha sezithombo ze-kale, i-arugula, ne-mustard, isilinganiso esiphezulu sokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (30% ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) sinciphise kakhulu ubude be-hypocotyl nendawo ye-cotyledon yezithombo ze-kale ne-mustard, kuyilapho umbala we-cotyledon ujula. Ngakho-ke, ekukhiqizweni kwezithombo, ukwanda okufanele kwesilinganiso sokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunganciphisa kakhulu isikhala samaqhubu nendawo yamaqabunga ezithombo zemifino, kukhuthaze ukwanda kwengxenye yezithombo, futhi kuthuthukise inkomba yamandla ezithombo, okulungele ukutshala izithombo eziqinile. Ngaphansi kwesimo sokuthi ukuqina kokukhanya kuhlala kungashintshi, ukwanda kokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ekukhanyeni okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuthuthukise kakhulu isisindo esisha, indawo yamaqabunga kanye nokuphakama kwesitshalo sezithombo zepelepele elimnandi. Uma kuqhathaniswa nesibani sendabuko esimhlophe esikhanyayo, ngaphansi kwezimo zokukhanya ezibomvu-oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (R3:G2:B5), i-Y[II], i-qP kanye ne-ETR yezithombo zikatamatisi ze-'Okagi No. 1' zithuthukisiwe kakhulu. Ukwengezwa kokukhanya kwe-UV (100 μmol/(m2•s) ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka + 7% UV-A) ekukhanyeni okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okumsulwa kunciphisa kakhulu ijubane lokukhula kwesiqu se-arugula kanye ne-mustard, kuyilapho ukwengezwa kwe-FR kwakuphambene nalokho. Lokhu kukhombisa nokuthi ngaphezu kokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ezinye izimfanelo zokukhanya nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile enkambisweni yokukhula kwezitshalo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwazo. Nakuba ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet noma i-FR kungewona umthombo wamandla we-photosynthesis, zombili zihilelekile ku-photomorphogenesis yezitshalo. Ukukhanya kwe-UV okunamandla aphezulu kuyingozi ku-DNA yezitshalo kanye namaprotheni, njll. Kodwa-ke, ukukhanya kwe-UV kusebenzisa izimpendulo zokucindezeleka kwamaseli, okubangela izinguquko ekukhuleni kwezitshalo, isimo kanye nokuthuthukiswa ukuze kuvumelane nezinguquko zemvelo. Izifundo zikhombisile ukuthi i-R/FR ephansi ibangela izimpendulo zokugwema umthunzi ezitshalweni, okuholela ezinguqukweni zesimo sezitshalo, njengokwandiswa kwesiqu, ukuncipha kwamaqabunga, kanye nokuncipha kwesivuno sezinto ezomile. Isiqu esincane asiyona imfanelo enhle yokukhula ekukhuliseni izithombo eziqinile. Ezithonjeni zemifino ezijwayelekile ezinamahlamvu nezithelo, izithombo eziqinile, eziqinile nezithambile azinazo izinkinga ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa nokutshalwa.

I-UV-A ingenza izitshalo zezithombo zekhukhamba zibe zifushane futhi zibe zincane, futhi isivuno ngemva kokutshala asihlukile kakhulu kwesokulawula; kuyilapho i-UV-B inomphumela obalulekile wokuvimbela, futhi umphumela wokunciphisa isivuno ngemva kokutshala awubalulekile. Izifundo zangaphambilini ziphakamise ukuthi i-UV-A ivimbela ukukhula kwezitshalo futhi yenza izitshalo zibe zincane. Kodwa kunobufakazi obukhulayo bokuthi ukuba khona kwe-UV-A, esikhundleni sokucindezela i-biomass yezitshalo, empeleni kuyayikhuthaza. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhanya okubomvu nokumhlophe okuyisisekelo (R:W=2:3, i-PPFD ingu-250 μmol/(m2·s)), amandla angeziwe ekukhanyeni okubomvu nokumhlophe angu-10 W/m2 (cishe u-10 μmol/(m2·s)) I-UV-A ye-kale yandise kakhulu i-biomass, ubude be-internode, ububanzi besiqu kanye nobubanzi be-canopy yezitshalo zezithombo ze-kale, kodwa umphumela wokukhushulwa wenziwa buthaka lapho amandla e-UV edlula u-10 W/m2. Ukwengezwa kwe-UV-A kwamahora ama-2 nsuku zonke (0.45 J/(m2•s)) kungakhuphula kakhulu ukuphakama kwesitshalo, indawo ye-cotyledon kanye nesisindo esisha sezithombo zikatamatisi 'ze-Oxheart', kuyilapho kunciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-H2O2 kwezithombo zikatamatisi. Kungabonakala ukuthi izitshalo ezahlukene zisabela ngendlela ehlukile ekukhanyeni kwe-UV, okungase kuhlobane nokuzwela kwezitshalo ekukhanyeni kwe-UV.

Ukuze kutshalwe izithombo ezihlanganisiwe, ubude besiqu kufanele bukhuliswe ngokufanele ukuze kube lula ukuxhunyelelwa kwezimpande. Amandla ahlukene e-FR abe nemiphumela ehlukene ekukhuleni kwezithombo zikatamatisi, upelepele, ukhukhamba, i-gourd kanye ne-watermelon. Ukwengezwa kwe-18.9 μmol/(m2•s) ye-FR ekukhanyeni okumhlophe okubandayo kwandisa kakhulu ubude be-hypocotyl kanye nobubanzi besiqu sezithombo zikatamatisi nopelepele; i-FR engama-34.1 μmol/(m2•s) ibe nomphumela omuhle kakhulu ekukhuthazeni ubude be-hypocotyl kanye nobubanzi besiqu sezithombo zikakhukhamba, i-gourd kanye ne-watermelon; i-FR enamandla kakhulu (53.4 μmol/(m2•s)) ibe nomphumela omuhle kakhulu kulezi zitshalo ezinhlanu. Ubude be-hypocotyl kanye nobubanzi besiqu sezithombo abusakhuli kakhulu, futhi kwaqala ukukhombisa umkhuba wokwehla. Isisindo esisha sezithombo zikapelepele sehle kakhulu, okubonisa ukuthi amanani okugcwala kwe-FR ezithombo zemifino ezinhlanu zonke ayephansi kune-53.4 μmol/(m2•s), futhi inani le-FR laliphansi kakhulu kunele-FR. Imiphumela ekukhuleni kwezithombo zemifino ezahlukene nayo ihlukile.

2.2 Imiphumela Yokuhlanganiswa Okuhlukile Kokukhanya Kwasemini Ekufanekiseni Kwezithombe Zezithombo Zemifino

I-Daylight Integral (DLI) imele inani eliphelele lama-photon e-photosynthetic atholwe ebusweni besitshalo ngosuku, okuhlobene nokuqina kokukhanya nesikhathi sokukhanya. Ifomula yokubala yi-DLI (mol/m2/ngosuku) = ukuqina kokukhanya [μmol/(m2•s)] × Isikhathi sokukhanya kwansuku zonke (h) × 3600 × 10-6. Endaweni enokukhanya okuphansi, izitshalo zisabela endaweni enokukhanya okuphansi ngokwandisa ubude besiqu kanye ne-internode, ukwandisa ukuphakama kwesitshalo, ubude be-petiole kanye nendawo yeqabunga, kanye nokunciphisa ukujiya kweqabunga kanye nesilinganiso se-photosynthetic. Ngokwanda kokukhanya, ngaphandle kwe-mustard, ubude be-hypocotyl kanye nokwandiswa kwesiqu kwezithombo ze-arugula, iklabishi kanye ne-kale ngaphansi kwekhwalithi efanayo yokukhanya kwehle kakhulu. Kungabonakala ukuthi umphumela wokukhanya ekukhuleni kwezitshalo kanye ne-morphogenesis uhlobene nokuqina kokukhanya kanye nezinhlobo zezitshalo. Ngokukhula kwe-DLI (8.64 ~ 28.8 mol/m2/ngosuku), uhlobo lwesitshalo lwezithombo zekhukhamba lwaba lufushane, luqinile futhi luncane, futhi isisindo samaqabunga athile kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-chlorophyll kwehla kancane kancane. Ezinsukwini eziyi-6 ~ 16 ngemva kokuhlwanyela izithombo zekhukhamba, amaqabunga nezimpande zoma. Isisindo sanda kancane kancane, futhi izinga lokukhula lashesha kancane kancane, kodwa ezinsukwini eziyi-16 kuya kwezingama-21 ngemva kokuhlwanyela, izinga lokukhula kwamaqabunga nezimpande zezithombo zekhukhamba lehla kakhulu. I-DLI ethuthukisiwe ikhuthaze izinga le-photosynthesis lezithombo zekhukhamba, kodwa ngemva kwenani elithile, izinga le-photosynthesis laqala ukwehla. Ngakho-ke, ukukhetha i-DLI efanele kanye nokwamukela amasu okukhanya ahlukene engeziwe ezigabeni ezahlukene zokukhula kwezithombo kunganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. Okuqukethwe ushukela oncibilikayo kanye ne-enzyme ye-SOD kuzithombo zekhukhamba kanye notamatisi kwanda ngokwanda kwamandla e-DLI. Lapho ukuqina kwe-DLI kukhuphuka kusuka ku-7.47 mol/m2/ngosuku kuya ku-11.26 mol/m2/ngosuku, okuqukethwe ushukela oncibilikayo kanye ne-enzyme ye-SOD ezitshalweni zekhukhamba kukhuphuke ngo-81.03%, kanye no-55.5% ngokulandelana. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo ze-DLI, ngokwanda kokuqina kokukhanya kanye nokufinyezwa kwesikhathi sokukhanya, umsebenzi we-PSII wezithombo zikatamatisi nekhukhamba wavinjelwa, futhi ukukhetha isu lokukhanya elengeziwe lokuqina kokukhanya okuphansi kanye nesikhathi eside kwakusiza kakhulu ekutshaleni inkomba ephezulu yezithombo kanye nokusebenza kahle kwe-photochemical kwezithombo zekhukhamba nekhukhamba.

Ekukhiqizweni kwezithombo ezixhunyelwe, indawo enokukhanya okuncane ingaholela ekunciphiseni ikhwalithi yezithombo ezixhunyelwe kanye nokwanda kwesikhathi sokuphulukiswa. Ukukhanya okufanele akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ikhono lokubopha lendawo yokuphulukisa exhunyelwe futhi kuthuthukise inkomba yezithombo eziqinile, kodwa futhi kunciphisa isikhundla samaqhubu ezimbali zesifazane futhi kwandise inani lezimbali zesifazane. Emafektri ezitshalo, i-DLI engu-2.5-7.5 mol/m2/ngosuku yayanele ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokuphulukisa zezithombo ezixhunyelwe utamatisi. Ukuqina kanye nobukhulu bamaqabunga ezithombo zikatamatisi ezixhunyelwe kwanda kakhulu ngokwanda kokuqina kwe-DLI. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi izithombo ezixhunyelwe azidingi ukukhanya okukhulu ukuze ziphiliswe. Ngakho-ke, uma kucatshangelwa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nendawo yokutshala, ukukhetha ukukhanya okufanele kuzosiza ekuthuthukiseni izinzuzo zomnotho.

3. Imiphumela yendawo yokukhanya kwe-LED ekumelaneni nokucindezeleka kwezithombo zemifino

Izitshalo zithola izimpawu zokukhanya zangaphandle ngama-photoreceptor, okubangela ukwakheka nokuqongelela kwama-molecule esignali esitshalweni, ngaleyo ndlela kushintshe ukukhula nokusebenza kwezitho zezitshalo, futhi ekugcineni kuthuthukise ukumelana kwesitshalo nokucindezeleka. Ikhwalithi yokukhanya ehlukile inomphumela othile wokukhushulwa ekuthuthukisweni kokubekezelelana nokubanda kanye nokubekezelelana nosawoti kwezithombo. Isibonelo, lapho izithombo zikatamatisi zifakwa ngokukhanya amahora ama-4 ebusuku, uma kuqhathaniswa nokwelashwa ngaphandle kokukhanya okwengeziwe, ukukhanya okumhlophe, ukukhanya okubomvu, ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kanye nokukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunganciphisa ukungena kwe-electrolyte kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-MDA kwezithombo zikatamatisi, futhi kuthuthukise ukubekezelelana nokubanda. Imisebenzi ye-SOD, i-POD kanye ne-CAT ezithombo zikatamatisi ngaphansi kokwelashwa kwesilinganiso esingu-8:2 esibomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yayiphakeme kakhulu kuneyezinye izindlela zokwelapha, futhi yayinamandla aphezulu okulwa ne-antioxidant kanye nokubekezelelana nokubanda.

Umphumela we-UV-B ekukhuleni kwezimpande zesoya ikakhulukazi ukuthuthukisa ukumelana nokucindezeleka kwezitshalo ngokwandisa okuqukethwe kwe-NO yezimpande kanye ne-ROS, kufaka phakathi ama-molecule okubonisa ama-hormone njenge-ABA, SA, kanye ne-JA, futhi kuvimbele ukuthuthukiswa kwezimpande ngokunciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-IAA, CTK, kanye ne-GA. I-photoreceptor ye-UV-B, i-UVR8, ayigcini nje ngokubandakanyeka ekulawuleni i-photomorphogenesis, kodwa futhi idlala indima ebalulekile ekucindezelekeni kwe-UV-B. Ezitshalweni zikatamatisi, i-UVR8 ilawula ukuhlanganiswa nokuqongelela kwama-anthocyanins, kanti izithombo zikatamatisi zasendle ezijwayele i-UV zithuthukisa ikhono lazo lokubhekana nokucindezeleka okuphezulu kwe-UV-B. Kodwa-ke, ukuzivumelanisa ne-UV-B nokucindezeleka kwesomiso okubangelwa yi-Arabidopsis akuxhomekile endleleni ye-UVR8, okubonisa ukuthi i-UV-B isebenza njengempendulo ebangelwa isignali yezindlela zokuzivikela kwezitshalo, ukuze ama-hormone ahlukahlukene ahileleke ngokubambisana ekumelaneni nokucindezeleka kwesomiso, okwandisa ikhono lokuqongelela i-ROS.

Kokubili ukunwebeka kwe-hypocotyl yesitshalo noma isiqu okubangelwa yi-FR kanye nokuzivumelanisa nengcindezi yokubanda kulawulwa ama-hormone ezitshalo. Ngakho-ke, "umphumela wokugwema umthunzi" obangelwa yi-FR uhlobene nokuzivumelanisa nokubanda kwezitshalo. Abahloli banezela izithombo zebhali ezinsukwini eziyi-18 ngemuva kokuhluma ku-15°C izinsuku eziyi-10, bephola ku-5°C + okungezelela i-FR izinsuku eziyi-7, futhi bathola ukuthi uma kuqhathaniswa nokwelashwa kokukhanya okumhlophe, i-FR ithuthukise ukumelana neqhwa kwezithombo zebhali. Le nqubo ihambisana nokwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-ABA kanye ne-IAA ezithombo zebhali. Ukudluliselwa okulandelayo kwezithombo zebhali ezilungisiwe kusengaphambili ze-FR ku-15°C ku-5°C kanye nokuqhubeka nokwengeza i-FR izinsuku eziyi-7 kuholele emiphumeleni efanayo naleyo yokwelashwa okubili okungenhla, kodwa ngokuncipha kwempendulo ye-ABA. Izitshalo ezinamanani ahlukene e-R:FR zilawula ukwenziwa kabusha kwama-phytohormones (GA, IAA, CTK, kanye ne-ABA), nawo ahilelekile ekubekezeleleni usawoti wezitshalo. Ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kukasawoti, indawo yokukhanya yesilinganiso esiphansi se-R:FR ingathuthukisa amandla e-antioxidant kanye ne-photosynthetic ezithonjeni zikatamatisi, inciphise ukukhiqizwa kwe-ROS kanye ne-MDA ezithonjeni, futhi ithuthukise ukubekezelelana kukasawoti. Kokubili ukucindezeleka kukasawoti kanye nenani eliphansi le-R:FR (R:FR=0.8) kuvimbele ukwenziwa kwe-chlorophyll, okungase kuhlobane nokuguqulwa okuvinjiwe kwe-PBG ku-UroIII endleleni yokwenziwa kwe-chlorophyll, kuyilapho indawo ephansi ye-R:FR inganciphisa ngempumelelo usawoti Ukuphazamiseka kokwenziwa kwe-chlorophyll okubangelwa ukucindezeleka. Le miphumela ikhombisa ubudlelwano obubalulekile phakathi kwama-phytochrome kanye nokubekezelelana kukasawoti.

Ngaphezu kwendawo yokukhanya, ezinye izici zemvelo nazo zithinta ukukhula kanye nekhwalithi yezithombo zemifino. Isibonelo, ukwanda kokuhlushwa kwe-CO2 kuzokhulisa inani eliphakeme lokugcwala kokukhanya i-Pn (Pnmax), kunciphise iphuzu lokubuyisa ukukhanya, futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokukhanya. Ukwanda kokuqina kokukhanya kanye nokuhlushwa kwe-CO2 kusiza ukuthuthukisa okuqukethwe kwemibala ye-photosynthetic, ukusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa kwamanzi kanye nemisebenzi yama-enzyme ahlobene nomjikelezo weCalvin, futhi ekugcineni kufinyelele ukusebenza kahle kwe-photosynthetic kanye nokuqongelela kwe-biomass kwezithombo zikatamatisi. Isisindo esomile kanye nokuxinana kwezithombo zikatamatisi kanye nopelepele kwakuhlobene kahle ne-DLI, futhi ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa nakho kuthinte ukukhula ngaphansi kokwelashwa okufanayo kwe-DLI. Indawo engama-23~25℃ yayifaneleka kakhulu ekukhuleni kwezithombo zikatamatisi. Ngokusho kwezimo zokushisa nokukhanya, abacwaningi bathuthukise indlela yokubikezela izinga lokukhula elihlobene lepelepele ngokusekelwe kumodeli yokusatshalaliswa kwe-bate, enganikeza isiqondiso sesayensi sokulawulwa kwemvelo kokukhiqizwa kwezithombo ezifakwe kupelepele.

Ngakho-ke, lapho kuklanywa uhlelo lokulawula ukukhanya ekukhiqizeni, akuzona nje izici zemvelo ezikhanyayo kanye nezinhlobo zezitshalo okufanele zicatshangelwe, kodwa futhi nezici zokulima nokuphatha ezifana nokudla kwezithombo kanye nokuphathwa kwamanzi, indawo yegesi, izinga lokushisa, kanye nesigaba sokukhula kwezithombo.

4. Izinkinga kanye Nemibono

Okokuqala, ukulawulwa kokukhanya kwezithombo zemifino kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi, futhi imiphumela yezimo zokukhanya ezahlukene ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zezithombo zemifino endaweni yefektri yezitshalo idinga ukuhlaziywa ngokuningiliziwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuze kufezwe umgomo wokukhiqizwa kwezithombo okuphumelelayo nokusezingeni eliphezulu, kudingeka ukuhlola okuqhubekayo ukuze kusungulwe uhlelo lobuchwepheshe oluvuthiwe.

Okwesibili, yize izinga lokusetshenziswa kwamandla lomthombo wokukhanya kwe-LED liphezulu kakhulu, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okukhanyisa izitshalo yikona okusetshenziswa kakhulu kwamandla okukhulisa izithombo kusetshenziswa ukukhanya okwenziwe. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla amakhulu kwamafektri ezitshalo kuseyimbangela yokuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwamafektri ezitshalo.

Okokugcina, ngokusetshenziswa kabanzi kokukhanyisa izitshalo kwezolimo, izindleko zezibani zezitshalo ze-LED kulindeleke ukuthi zehle kakhulu esikhathini esizayo; ngokuphambene nalokho, ukwanda kwezindleko zabasebenzi, ikakhulukazi enkathini yangemva kobhubhane, ukuntuleka kwabasebenzi kuzothuthukisa inqubo yokusebenzisa imishini kanye nokwenza ngokuzenzakalelayo ukukhiqiza. Esikhathini esizayo, amamodeli okulawula asekelwe ekuhlakanipheni kokwenziwa kanye nemishini yokukhiqiza ehlakaniphile kuzoba ngolunye lobuchwepheshe obuyinhloko bokukhiqizwa kwezithombo zemifino, futhi kuzoqhubeka nokukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bezithombo zezitshalo zefektri.

Ababhali: Jiehui Tan, Houcheng Liu
Umthombo wesihloko: I-akhawunti ye-Wechat yobuchwepheshe bobunjiniyela bezolimo (ukulima okuluhlaza okotshani)