Ubuchwepheshe bobunjiniyela bezoLimo bezingadi ezibamba ukushisa Ishicilelwe eBeijing ngo-17:30 ngoJanuwari 13, 2023.

Ukumuncwa kwezakhi eziningi zomsoco kuyinqubo ehlobene eduze nemisebenzi ye-metabolic yezimpande zezitshalo.Lezi zinqubo zidinga amandla akhiqizwa ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana ezimpande, futhi ukumuncwa kwamanzi kulawulwa izinga lokushisa nokuphefumula, futhi ukuphefumula kudinga ukubamba iqhaza komoya-mpilo, ngakho-ke umoya-mpilo endaweni yezimpande unomthelela obalulekile ekukhuleni okuvamile kwezitshalo.Okuqukethwe komoyampilo okuncibilikisiwe emanzini kuthintwa izinga lokushisa nosawoti, futhi ukwakheka kwe-substrate kunquma okuqukethwe komoya endaweni yezimpande.Ukunisela kunomehluko omkhulu ekuvuseleleni nasekufakeni i-oxygen okuqukethwe kuma-substrates anezimo ezihlukene zokuqukethwe kwamanzi.Kunezici eziningi zokuthuthukisa okuqukethwe komoyampilo endaweni yezimpande, kodwa izinga lethonya lesici ngasinye lihluke kakhulu.Ukugcina umthamo ofanele wokubamba amanzi e-substrate (okuqukethwe komoya) kuyisisekelo sokugcina okuqukethwe komoyampilo okuphezulu endaweni yezimpande.

Imithelela yezinga lokushisa nosawoti kokuqukethwe komoya-mpilo ogcwele esixazululweni

Okuqukethwe komoyampilo okuncibilikisiwe emanzini

I-oxygen encibilikisiwe ichithwa ku-oksijini engaboshiwe noma yamahhala emanzini, futhi okuqukethwe komoyampilo oncibilikisiwe emanzini kuzofinyelela umkhawulo ezingeni lokushisa elithile, okuyi-saturated oxygen content.Okuqukethwe komoyampilo okugcwele emanzini kushintsha nezinga lokushisa, futhi lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, okuqukethwe komoyampilo kuyehla.Okuqukethwe komoyampilo okugcwele emanzini acwebile kuphakeme kunamanzi olwandle anosawoti (Umfanekiso1), ngakho-ke okuqukethwe komoyampilo okugcwele kwezixazululo zezakhi ezinokuqukethwe okuhlukile kuzohluka.

Ukuthuthwa komoyampilo ku-matrix

Umoya-mpilo ongatholwa yizimpande zesitshalo se-greenhouse esixazululweni sezakhi kufanele ube sesimweni esikhululekile, futhi umoya-mpilo uthuthwa ku-substrate ngomoya namanzi namanzi azungeze izimpande.Uma ilingana nokuqukethwe komoyampilo emoyeni ezingeni lokushisa elithile, umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe emanzini ufinyelela ezingeni eliphezulu, futhi ukushintsha kokuqukethwe komoyampilo emoyeni kuzoholela ekushintsheni ngokulinganayo kokuqukethwe komoyampilo emanzini.

Imiphumela yengcindezi ye-hypoxia endaweni yezimpande ezitshalweni

Izinkinga ze-root hypoxia

Kunezizathu ezimbalwa zokuthi kungani ingozi ye-hypoxia kuma-hydroponics kanye nezinhlelo zokutshala i-substrate iphezulu ehlobo.Okokuqala, okuqukethwe komoyampilo ogcwele emanzini kuzokwehla njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka.Okwesibili, i-oxygen edingekayo ukuze kugcinwe ukukhula kwezimpande kuyanda ngokwanda kwezinga lokushisa.Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani lokumuncwa kwezakhi liphezulu ehlobo, ngakho isidingo somoya-mpilo wokumunca izakhi siphezulu.Kuholela ekwehleni kokuqukethwe komoyampilo endaweni yezimpande kanye nokuntuleka kwesithasiselo esisebenzayo, okuholela ku-hypoxia endaweni yezimpande.

Ukumuncwa nokukhula

Ukumuncwa kwezakhi eziningi ezibalulekile kuncike ezinkambisweni ezihlobene eduze ne-root metabolism, edinga amandla akhiqizwa ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana ezimpande, okungukuthi, ukubola kwemikhiqizo ye-photosynthetic phambi komoya-mpilo.Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi u-10% ~ 20% wesamba esiphelele sezitshalo zikatamatisi sisetshenziswa ezimpandeni, u-50% wazo usetshenziselwa ukumuncwa kwe-nutrient ion, u-40% ekukhuleni kanye no-10% kuphela ekunakekeleni.Izimpande kufanele zithole umoya-mpilo endaweni eqondile lapho zikhulula khona i-CO₂.Ngaphansi kwezimo ze-anaerobic ezibangelwa ukungena komoya okungalungile kuma-substrates nama-hydroponics, i-hypoxia izothinta ukumuncwa kwamanzi nezakhamzimba.I-Hypoxia isabela ngokushesha ekumunceni okusebenzayo kwezakhamzimba, okuyi-nitrate (NO₃^-), i-potassium (K) ne-phosphate (PO₄^3-), okuzophazamisa ukumuncwa kwe-calcium (Ca) kanye ne-magnesium (Mg).

Ukukhula kwezimpande zezitshalo kudinga amandla, ukusebenza kwezimpande ezijwayelekile kudinga ukugcwala komoyampilo okuphansi kakhulu, futhi ukugcwala komoyampilo ngaphansi kwevelu ye-COP kuba isici esikhawulela ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana ezimpande (hypoxia).Uma izinga lokuqukethwe komoyampilo liphansi, ukukhula kuncipha noma kume.Uma ingxenye yezimpande ze-hypoxia ithinta kuphela amagatsha namaqabunga, uhlelo lwempande lunganxephezela ingxenye yesistimu yezimpande engasasebenzi ngesizathu esithile ngokwandisa ukumuncwa kwendawo.

Indlela ye-Metabolism yezitshalo incike ku-oxygen njengokwamukela i-electron.Ngaphandle komoyampilo, ukukhiqizwa kwe-ATP kuzoma.Ngaphandle kwe-ATP, ukuphuma kwama-proton asuka ezimpandeni kuzoma, ubisi lwamaseli ezimpande luzoba ne-asidi, futhi lawa maseli azofa phakathi namahora ambalwa.I-hypoxia yesikhashana neyesikhashana ngeke ibangele ukucindezelwa kokudla okunempilo ezitshalweni.Ngenxa yendlela yokuphefumula ye-nitrate, kungase kube ukuzivumelanisa nesikhashana ukuze ubhekane ne-hypoxia njengenye indlela phakathi ne-root hypoxia.Kodwa-ke, i-hypoxia yesikhathi eside izoholela ekukhuleni kancane, ukuncipha kwendawo yamaqabunga kanye nokuncipha kwesisindo esisha nesomile, okuzoholela ekwehleni okukhulu kwesivuno sezitshalo.

I-Ethylene

Izitshalo zizokwakha i-ethylene in situ ngaphansi kokucindezeleka okukhulu.Ngokuvamile, i-ethylene isuswa ezimpandeni ngokusakazwa emoyeni wenhlabathi.Lapho ukugeleza kwamanzi kwenzeka, ukwakheka kwe-ethylene ngeke kwande kuphela, kodwa futhi ukusabalalisa kuzoncishiswa kakhulu ngoba izimpande zizungezwe amanzi.Ukwanda kokuhlushwa kwe-ethylene kuzoholela ekwakhekeni kwezicubu ze-aeration ezimpandeni (Umfanekiso 2).I-Ethylene nayo ingabangela ukuvela kweqabunga, futhi ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-ethylene ne-auxin kuzokwandisa ukwakheka kwezimpande ezizayo.

Ukucindezelwa komoyampilo kuholela ekwehleni kokukhula kwamaqabunga

I-ABA ikhiqizwa ezimpandeni namaqabunga ukuze ibhekane nezingcindezi ezehlukene zemvelo.Endaweni yempande, impendulo evamile ekucindezelekeni ukuvalwa kwesisu, okubandakanya ukwakheka kwe-ABA.Ngaphambi kokuba i-stomata ivalwe, ingaphezulu lesitshalo lilahlekelwa umfutho wokuvuvukala, amaqabunga aphezulu ayabuna, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwe-photosynthetic nakho kungase kwehle.Ucwaningo oluningi luye lwabonisa ukuthi i-stomata isabela ekwandeni kokuhlushwa kwe-ABA ku-apoplast ngokuvala, okungukuthi, inani eliphelele le-ABA kuma-non-amaqabunga ngokukhulula i-intracellular ABA, izitshalo zingandisa ukuhlushwa kwe-apoplast ABA ngokushesha okukhulu.Lapho izitshalo zingaphansi kokucindezeleka kwemvelo, ziqala ukukhulula i-ABA kumaseli, futhi isignali yokukhululwa kwezimpande ingadluliselwa ngemizuzu esikhundleni samahora.Ukwanda kwe-ABA ezicutshini zamaqabunga kungase kunciphise ukunwetshwa kodonga lwamaseli futhi kuholele ekwehleni kobude beqabunga.Omunye umphumela we-hypoxia ukuthi ubude bokuphila bamaqabunga bufushane, obuzothinta wonke amaqabunga.I-Hypoxia ngokuvamile iholela ekwehleni kokuthuthwa kwe-cytokinin ne-nitrate.Ukuntuleka kwe-nitrogen noma i-cytokinin kuzonciphisa isikhathi sokugcinwa kwendawo yamaqabunga futhi kumise ukukhula kwamagatsha namaqabunga ezinsukwini ezimbalwa.

Ukuthuthukisa indawo ye-oksijini yesistimu yezimpande zezitshalo

Izici ze-substrate zinquma ukusatshalaliswa kwamanzi nomoya-mpilo.Ukuhlushwa komoya-mpilo endaweni yempande yemifino ebamba ukushisa kuhlobene kakhulu namandla okubamba amanzi e-substrate, ukuchelela (usayizi kanye nemvamisa), isakhiwo se-substrate kanye nezinga lokushisa le-substrate strip.Kuphela uma okuqukethwe komoyampilo endaweni yempande kungaphezu kuka-10% (4~5mg/L) lapho umsebenzi wempande ungagcinwa usesimweni esihle kakhulu.

Uhlelo lwezimpande lwezitshalo lubaluleke kakhulu ekukhuleni kwezitshalo nasekumelaneni nezifo zezitshalo.Amanzi nezakhamzimba kuzomuncwa ngokwezidingo zezitshalo.Kodwa-ke, izinga le-oksijini endaweni yezimpande linquma kakhulu ukumuncwa kwezakhi kanye namanzi kanye nekhwalithi yesistimu yezimpande.Izinga le-oksijini elanele endaweni yesistimu yezimpande lingaqinisekisa impilo yesistimu yezimpande, ukuze izitshalo zibe nokumelana kangcono nama-microorganisms we-pathogenic (Umfanekiso 3).Izinga le-oksijini elanele ku-substrate libuye linciphise ubungozi bezimo ze-anaerobic, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ingozi yama-microorganisms e-pathogenic.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-oxygen endaweni yezimpande

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-oksijini okuphezulu kwezitshalo kungaba phezulu ku-40mg/m2/h (ukusetshenziswa kuncike ezitshalweni).Kuye ngezinga lokushisa, amanzi okunisela angaqukatha kufika ku-7~8mg/L womoya-mpilo (Umfanekiso 4).Ukufinyelela ku-40 mg, u-5L wamanzi kufanele unikezwe njalo ngehora ukuhlangabezana nesidingo se-oxygen, kodwa empeleni, inani lokunisela ngosuku olulodwa lingase lingafinyelelwa.Lokhu kusho ukuthi umoya-mpilo ohlinzekwa ngokunisela udlala indima encane kuphela.Iningi lokunikezwa komoyampilo lifinyelela endaweni yempande ngama-pores ku-matrix, futhi umnikelo wokunikezwa komoya-mpilo ngezimbotshana ufinyelela ku-90%, kuye ngesikhathi sosuku.Lapho ukuhwamuka kwezitshalo kufinyelela ezingeni eliphezulu, inani lokunisela liphinde lifinyelele ezingeni eliphezulu, elilingana no-1 ~ 1.5L/m2/h.Uma amanzi okunisela equkethe umoya-mpilo ongu-7mg/L, azohlinzeka nge-oxygen engu-7~11mg/m2/h endaweni yempande.Lokhu kulingana no-17% ~ 25% wesidingo.Yiqiniso, lokhu kusebenza kuphela esimweni sokuthi amanzi okunisela ampofu oksijini ku-substrate athathelwa indawo ngamanzi okunisela amasha.

Ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwezimpande, ama-microorganisms endaweni yezimpande nawo adla umoya-mpilo.Kunzima ukulinganisa lokhu ngoba akukho silinganiso esenziwe mayelana nalokhu.Njengoba ama-substrates amasha ashintshwa minyaka yonke, kungacatshangwa ukuthi ama-microorganisms adlala indima encane ekusetshenzisweni komoya-mpilo.

Lungiselela izinga lokushisa kwemvelo izimpande

Ukushisa kwemvelo kwesistimu yezimpande kubaluleke kakhulu ekukhuleni okuvamile nokusebenza kwesistimu yezimpande, futhi kuyisici esibalulekile esithinta ukumuncwa kwamanzi nezakhamzimba ngohlelo lwezimpande.

Izinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu le-substrate (izinga lokushisa lezimpande) lingaholela ebunzimeni ekumunceni kwamanzi.Ku-5℃, ukumuncwa kungaphansi ngo-70%~80% kuno-20℃.Uma izinga lokushisa eliphansi le-substrate lihambisana nokushisa okuphezulu, kuzoholela ekubuneni kwezitshalo.Ukumuncwa kwe-ion ngokusobala kuncike ezingeni lokushisa, elivimbela ukumuncwa kwe-ion ezingeni lokushisa eliphansi, futhi ukuzwela kwezakhi ezihlukene zezakhi kumazinga okushisa kuhlukile.

Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu le-substrate alinamsebenzi, futhi kungase kuholele ohlelweni lwezimpande olukhulu kakhulu.Ngamanye amazwi, kukhona ukusatshalaliswa okungalingani kwento eyomile ezitshalweni.Ngenxa yokuthi izimpande zikhulu kakhulu, ukulahlekelwa okungadingekile kuyokwenzeka ngokuphefumula, futhi le ngxenye yamandla alahlekile yayingase isetshenziselwe ingxenye yokuvuna yesitshalo.Emazingeni okushisa aphezulu e-substrate, okuqukethwe kwe-oxygen encibilikisiwe kuphansi, okunomthelela omkhulu kakhulu ku-oxygen okuqukethwe endaweni yempande kunomoya-mpilo osetshenziswa ama-microorganisms.Uhlelo lwempande ludla umoya-mpilo omningi, futhi luholela ngisho ku-hypoxia esimweni se-substrate empofu noma isakhiwo senhlabathi, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa ukumuncwa kwamanzi nama-ion.

Gcina umthamo ofanelekile wokubamba amanzi we-matrix.

Kukhona ukuhlobana okungekuhle phakathi kokuqukethwe kwamanzi kanye nephesenti lokuqukethwe komoyampilo ku-matrix.Lapho okuqukethwe kwamanzi kwanda, okuqukethwe kwe-oxygen kuncipha, futhi ngokuphambene nalokho.Kukhona ububanzi obubalulekile phakathi kokuqukethwe kwamanzi nomoya-mpilo ku-matrix, okungukuthi, i-80% ~ 85% okuqukethwe kwamanzi (Umfanekiso 5).Ukugcinwa kwamanzi isikhathi eside ngaphezu kwama-85% ku-substrate kuzothinta ukutholakala komoyampilo.Iningi lokunikezwa komoyampilo (75% ~ 90%) liphuma ngezimbotshana ku-matrix.

Ukwengezwa kokunisela kokuqukethwe komoyampilo ku-substrate

Ukukhanya kwelanga okwengeziwe kuzoholela ekusetshenzisweni okuphezulu komoyampilo kanye nokugcwala komoyampilo omncane ezimpandeni (Umfanekiso 6), futhi ushukela owengeziwe uzokwenza ukusetshenziswa komoyampilo kube phezulu ebusuku.Ukuphefumula kunamandla, ukumuncwa kwamanzi kukhulu, futhi kunomoya omningi nomoya-mpilo owengeziwe ku-substrate.Kungabonakala kusukela kwesokunxele soMfanekiso 7 ukuthi okuqukethwe kwe-oksijini ku-substrate kuzokwanda kancane ngemva kokuchelela ngaphansi kwesimo sokuthi umthamo wokubamba amanzi we-substrate uphakeme futhi okuqukethwe komoya kuphansi kakhulu.Njengoba kuboniswe ngakwesokudla komkhiwane.7, ngaphansi kwesimo sokukhanya okungcono kakhulu, okuqukethwe komoya ku-substrate kuyanda ngenxa yokumunca amanzi amaningi (izikhathi zokunisela ezifanayo).Ithonya elihlobene lokunisela kokuqukethwe komoya-mpilo ku-substrate lincane kakhulu kunomthamo wokubamba amanzi (okuqukethwe komoya) ku-substrate.

Xoxa

Ekukhiqizeni kwangempela, okuqukethwe komoya-mpilo (umoya) endaweni yezimpande zezitshalo akunakwa kalula, kodwa kuyisici esibalulekile sokuqinisekisa ukukhula okuvamile kwezitshalo kanye nokukhula okunempilo kwezimpande.

Ukuze uthole isivuno esiphezulu ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza izitshalo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuvikela imvelo yesistimu yezimpande esimweni esihle kakhulu ngangokunokwenzeka.Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi i-O₂okuqukethwe endaweni yesistimu yezimpande ngaphansi kuka-4mg/L kuzoba nomthelela omubi ekukhuleni kwezitshalo.I-O₂okuqukethwe endaweni yempande kuthonywa ikakhulukazi ukuchelela (inani lokunisela kanye nemvamisa), isakhiwo se-substrate, okuqukethwe kwamanzi e-substrate, ukushisa okushisa kanye ne-substrate, kanye namaphethini okutshala ahlukene azohluka.Ulwelwe nama-microorganisms nawo anobudlelwano obuthile nokuqukethwe komoyampilo endaweni eyimpande yezitshalo ze-hydroponic.I-Hypoxia ayibangeli nje ukukhula kancane kwezitshalo, kodwa futhi yandisa ingcindezi yamagciwane ezimpande (pythium, phytophthora, fusarium) ekukhuleni kwezimpande.

Isu lokunisela linethonya elikhulu ku-O₂okuqukethwe ku-substrate, futhi futhi kuyindlela elawulekayo enqubweni yokutshala.Ezinye izifundo zokutshala ama-rose zithole ukuthi ukwandisa kancane kancane okuqukethwe kwamanzi ku-substrate (ekuseni) kungathola isimo se-oxygen esingcono.Ku-substrate enomthamo ophansi wokubamba amanzi, i-substrate ingagcina okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-oksijeni, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuyadingeka ukugwema umehluko wokuqukethwe kwamanzi phakathi kwama-substrates ngokusebenzisa imvamisa yokunisela ephakeme kanye nesikhawu esifushane.Lapho amandla okubamba amanzi ephansi ama-substrates, mkhulu umehluko phakathi kwama-substrates.I-substrate emanzi, imvamisa yokunisela okuphansi kanye nesikhawu eside kuqinisekisa ukushintshwa komoya omningi kanye nezimo ezivumayo zomoya-mpilo.

Ukugeleza kwe-substrate kungenye into enethonya elikhulu kuzinga lokuvuselela kanye ne-gradient yokuhlushwa komoya-mpilo ku-substrate, kuye ngokuthi uhlobo namandla okubamba amanzi e-substrate.Uketshezi lokuchelela akufanele luhlale phansi kwe-substrate isikhathi eside, kodwa kufanele lukhishwe ngokushesha ukuze amanzi okuchelela anomoya-mpilo amasha akwazi ukufinyelela phansi kwe-substrate futhi.Isivinini sokudonsa amanzi singathonywa yizinyathelo ezithile ezilula, njenge-gradient ye-substrate eziqondisweni ze-longitudinal kanye nobubanzi.Uma i-gradient iba nkulu, isivinini sokukhipha amanzi siyashesha.Ama-substrates ahlukene anezikhala ezihlukene kanti nenani lezitolo lihlukile.

PHELA

[ulwazi lokucaphuna]

Xie Yuanpei.Imithelela yokuqukethwe komoyampilo kwemvelo ezimpandeni zezitshalo ezibamba ukushisa ekukhuleni kwezitshalo [J].I-Agricultural Engineering Technology, 2022,42(31):21-24.