Ubuchwepheshe Bobunjiniyela Bezolimo Bokulima Obusha BaseZhang Zhiping 2022-08-26 17:20 Kuthunyelwe eBeijing

IShayina isungule uhlelo lokuvimbela nokulawula imvelo kanye nokukhula kwezibulala-zinambuzane, kanti ubuchwepheshe obusha obusebenzisa i-phototaxis yezinambuzane ukulawula izinambuzane zezolimo bukhuthazwe kakhulu futhi busetshenziswa.

Izimiso zobuchwepheshe bokulawula izinambuzane ze-spectral

Ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane ngamasu e-spectroscopic kusekelwe ezicini zomzimba zesigaba sezinambuzane. Izinambuzane eziningi zinebanga elivamile lobude besikhathi obubonakalayo, ingxenye eyodwa igxile ebhendini le-UVA elingabonakali, kanti enye ingxenye isengxenyeni yokukhanya okubonakalayo. Engxenyeni engabonakali, ngoba ingaphandle kobubanzi bokukhanya okubonakalayo kanye ne-photosynthesis, kusho ukuthi ukungenelela kocwaningo kule ngxenye yebhendi ngeke kube nomthelela emsebenzini kanye ne-photosynthesis yezitshalo. Abacwaningi bathole ukuthi ngokuvimbela le ngxenye yebhendi, kungadala izindawo ezingaboni izinambuzane, kunciphise umsebenzi wazo, kuvikele izitshalo ezilonakalweni futhi kunciphise ukudluliswa kwamagciwane. Kule ngxenye yebhendi yokukhanya okubonakalayo, kungenzeka ukuqinisa le ngxenye yebhendi endaweni ekude nezitshalo ukuze kuphazamiseke isiqondiso sesenzo sezinambuzane ukuvikela izitshalo ekuhlaselweni.

Izinambuzane ezivamile endaweni

Izinambuzane ezivame kakhulu endaweni yokutshala zihlanganisa ama-thrips, ama-aphid, izimpukane ezimhlophe, kanye ne-leafminers, njll.

ukutheleleka kwe-thrips

ukutheleleka kwama-aphid

ukutheleleka kwe-whitefly

ukutheleleka kwe-leafminer

Izixazululo zokulawula izinambuzane nezifo zesikhungo

Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi izinambuzane ezishiwo ngenhla zinemikhuba yokuphila efanayo. Imisebenzi, ukundiza kanye nokufuna ukudla kwalezi zinambuzane kuncike ekuhambeni kwe-spectral eqenjini elithile, njenge-aphid kanye nezimpukane ezimhlophe ekukhanyeni kwe-ultraviolet (ubude bamagagasi obungaba ngu-360 nm) kanye nokukhanya okuluhlaza kuya kokuphuzi (520 ~ 540 nm) kunezitho zokwamukela. Ukungenelela kula ma-band amabili kuphazamisa umsebenzi wesinambuzane futhi kunciphisa izinga lokuzala kwaso. Ama-thrip nawo anokuzwela okubonakalayo engxenyeni yokukhanya okubonakalayo yebhande le-400-500 nm.

Ukukhanya okunombala ongaphelele kungabangela izinambuzane ukuba zihlale phansi, ngaleyo ndlela kudala izimo ezinhle zokuheha nokubamba izinambuzane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga eliphezulu lokukhanya kwelanga (ngaphezu kwama-25% emisebe yokukhanya) lingavimbela izinambuzane ukuthi zinganamathelisi izakhiwo zokukhanya. Njengokuqina, ubude be-wavelength kanye nokuhluka kombala, nakho kuthinta kakhulu izinga lokusabela kwezinambuzane. Ezinye izinambuzane zinezinhla ezimbili ezibonakalayo, okungukuthi i-UV kanye nokukhanya okuphuzi okuluhlaza okotshani, kanti ezinye zinezinhla ezintathu ezibonakalayo, okuyi-UV, ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye nokukhanya okuphuzi okuluhlaza okotshani.

imivimbo yokukhanya ebonakalayo ebucayi yezinambuzane ezivamile

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinambuzane eziyingozi zingaphazanyiswa yi-phototaxis yazo engemihle. Ngokutadisha imikhuba yokuphila yezinambuzane, kungasetshenziswa izixazululo ezimbili zokulawula izinambuzane. Esinye ukushintsha indawo yokugcina izinambuzane endaweni evulekile, ukuze ububanzi bezinambuzane ezikhona endaweni yokugcina izinambuzane, njengobubanzi bokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, buncishiswe bube sezingeni eliphansi kakhulu, ukudala "ubumpumputhe" bezinambuzane ezikuleli bhande; okwesibili, ngesikhathi esingavimbeki, ukubonakaliswa noma ukuhlakazeka kokukhanya okunemibala kwamanye ama-receptor endaweni yokugcina izinambuzane kungandiswa, ngaleyo ndlela kuphazamise ukuqondiswa kokundiza nokufika kwezinambuzane.

Indlela yokuvimba i-UV

Indlela yokuvimba i-UV iwukufaka izinto ezivimba i-UV kufilimu ye-greenhouse kanye ne-inethi yezinambuzane, ukuvimba ngempumelelo ama-wavelength band amakhulu azwela izinambuzane ekukhanyeni okungena ku-greenhouse. Ngaleyo ndlela kuvimbela umsebenzi wezinambuzane, ukunciphisa ukuzala kwezinambuzane kanye nokunciphisa ukudluliselwa kwezinambuzane nezifo phakathi kwezitshalo ku-greenhouse.

Inethi yezinambuzane ze-Spectrum

Inethi elingangenwa yizinambuzane elingama-mesh angu-50 (ubuningi be-mesh ephezulu) ayikwazi ukuvimba izinambuzane ngobukhulu be-mesh. Ngokuphambene nalokho, inethi iyakhula futhi umoya ungena kahle, kodwa izinambuzane azikwazi ukulawulwa.

umphumela wokuvikelwa kwenetha yezinambuzane ezinabantu abaningi

Amanethi ezinambuzane e-Spectral avimba amabhande okukhanya azwelayo ezinambuzane ngokufaka izithasiselo zamabhande alwa ne-ultraviolet ezintweni zokusetshenziswa. Ngenxa yokuthi ayithembeli nje kuphela ekubuneni kwe-mesh ukulawula izinambuzane, kungenzeka futhi ukusebenzisa inethi yokulawula izinambuzane ene-mesh ephansi ukuze kufezwe umphumela ongcono wokulawula izinambuzane. Okusho ukuthi, ngenkathi iqinisekisa ukungenisa umoya okuhle, ibuye ifeze nokulawulwa kwezinambuzane okuphumelelayo. Ngakho-ke, ukuphikisana phakathi kokungenisa umoya nokulawulwa kwezinambuzane endaweni yokutshala nakho kuyaxazululwa, futhi zombili izidingo zokusebenza zingahlangatshezwa futhi ibhalansi ehlobene ifinyelelwe..

Kusukela ekukhanyeni kwebhendi ye-spectral ngaphansi kwenethi yokulawula izinambuzane ye-spectral engu-50-mesh, kungabonakala ukuthi ibhendi ye-UV (ibhendi yezinambuzane ezwela ukukhanya) imuncwa kakhulu, futhi ukukhanyeni kungaphansi kuka-10%. Endaweni yamafasitela okungenisa umoya aluhlaza ahlonyiswe ngamanethi ezinambuzane anjalo e-spectral, umbono wezinambuzane cishe awubonakali kule bhendi.

imephu yokubonisa yebhendi ye-spectral yenethi yezinambuzane ze-spectral (ama-mesh angu-50)

amanetha ezinambuzane anezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-spectrum

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kokuvikela kwenethi engangenwa yizinambuzane ze-spectral, abacwaningi benze izivivinyo ezifanele, okungukuthi, engadini yokukhiqiza utamatisi, kwakhethwa inethi engangenwa yizinambuzane ze-spectral engu-50-mesh, inethi engangenwa yizinambuzane ze-spectral engu-50-mesh, inethi engangenwa yizinambuzane ze-spectral engu-40-mesh, kanye nenethi engangenwa yizinambuzane ze-spectral engu-40-mesh. Kwasetshenziswa amanethi ezinambuzane anemisebenzi ehlukene kanye nobuningi be-mesh ehlukene ukuqhathanisa amazinga okusinda kwezimpukane ezimhlophe kanye nama-thrips. Ekubalweni ngakunye, inani lezimpukane ezimhlophe ngaphansi kwenethi yokulawula izinambuzane ye-spectral engu-50-mesh lalilincane kakhulu, kanti inani lezimpukane ezimhlophe ngaphansi kwenethi ejwayelekile ye-mesh engu-40 lalilikhulu kunawo wonke. Kungabonakala ngokucacile ukuthi ngaphansi kwenani elifanayo le-mesh lamanethi angangenwa yizinambuzane, inani lezimpukane ezimhlophe ngaphansi kwenethi engangenwa yizinambuzane ze-spectral lincane kakhulu kunalelo elingaphansi kwenethi evamile. Ngaphansi kwenombolo efanayo ye-mesh, inani lama-thrip ngaphansi kwenethi engangenwa yizinambuzane ezibukwayo lingaphansi kwalelo elingaphansi kwenethi evamile engangenwa yizinambuzane, futhi ngisho nenani lama-thrip ngaphansi kwenethi engangenwa yizinambuzane ezibukwayo ...

umphumela wokuvikela wamanethi ahlukene avikela izinambuzane kanye namanethi avamile avikela izinambuzane

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abacwaningi benze nolunye ucwaningo, okungukuthi, besebenzisa amanetha ajwayelekile angangenwa yizinambuzane angama-50-mesh, amanetha angangenwa yizinambuzane angama-50-mesh, kanye namanetha ajwayelekile angangenwa yizinambuzane angama-68-mesh ukuze baqhathanise inani lama-thrip ku-greenhouse ukuze kukhiqizwe utamatisi. Njengoba isithombe 10 sibonisile, inetha elifanayo lokulawula izinambuzane elijwayelekile, elinama-mesh angama-68, ngenxa yobuningi balo obuphezulu be-mesh, umphumela wenetha elingangenwa yizinambuzane uphakeme kakhulu kunowenetha elijwayelekile elingangenwa yizinambuzane elingama-50-mesh. Kodwa inetha elifanayo elingangenwa yizinambuzane elingama-50-mesh low-mesh spectral line-thrip ezimbalwa kunenetha elijwayelekile elingangenwa yizinambuzane elingama-68-mesh.

ukuqhathanisa inani lama-thrip ngaphansi kwamanethi ezinambuzane ahlukene

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho behlola inethi evamile engangenwa yizinambuzane enama-mesh angu-50 kanye nenethi engangenwa yizinambuzane enama-mesh angu-40 enemisebenzi emibili ehlukene kanye nobuningi be-mesh obuhlukene, lapho beqhathanisa inani lama-thrip ngebhodi elinamathelayo endaweni yokukhiqiza ama-leek, abacwaningi bathole ukuthi ngisho nange-mesh ephansi, inani lamanethi e-spectral nalo linomphumela omuhle kakhulu wokumelana nezinambuzane kunamanethi avamile angangenwa yizinambuzane anama-mesh aphezulu.

ukuqhathanisa inombolo ye-thrip ngaphansi kwamanethi ahlukene okulawula izinambuzane ekukhiqizeni

ukuqhathanisa kwangempela komphumela wokuvikela izinambuzane we-mesh efanayo nokusebenza okuhlukile

 Ifilimu yokuxosha izinambuzane ye-Spectral

Ifilimu evamile yokumboza i-greenhouse izomunca ingxenye yegagasi lokukhanya kwe-UV, okuyisona sizathu esiyinhloko sokusheshisa ukuguga kwefilimu. Izithasiselo ezivimba ibhendi yezinambuzane ezizwela i-UVA zengezwa kufilimu yokumboza i-greenhouse ngobuchwepheshe obuhlukile, futhi ngaphansi kwesisekelo sokuqinisekisa ukuthi impilo evamile yenkonzo yefilimu ayithinteki, yenziwa ifilimu enezakhiwo ezingavimbeli izinambuzane.

imiphumela yefilimu evimba i-UV kanye nefilimu evamile ekwandeni kwezinambuzane ezimhlophe, ama-thrips, kanye nama-aphid

Njengoba isikhathi sokutshala sikhula, kungabonakala ukuthi inani lezinambuzane ngaphansi kwefilimu evamile landa kakhulu kunalelo elingaphansi kwefilimu yokuvimba i-UV. Kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwalolu hlobo lwefilimu kudinga abalimi ukuthi banake kakhulu ukungena nokuphuma kanye nezikhala zomoya lapho besebenza endlini eluhlaza nsuku zonke, ngaphandle kwalokho umphumela wokusetshenziswa kwefilimu uzoncishiswa. Ngenxa yokulawulwa ngempumelelo kwezinambuzane ngefilimu yokuvimba i-UV, ukusetshenziswa kwezinambuzane ngabalimi kuyancipha. Ekutshalweni kwe-eustoma endaweni, ngefilimu yokuvimba i-UV, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inani lezinambuzane ezinamaqabunga, ama-thrips, izimpukane ezimhlophe noma inani lezinambuzane ezisetshenziswayo, lingaphansi kwelefilimu evamile.

Ukuqhathaniswa komphumela wefilimu evimba i-UV kanye nefilimu evamile

ukuqhathanisa ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane endaweni yokugcina izithombo kusetshenziswa ifilimu yokuvimba i-UV kanye nefilimu evamile

Indlela yokuphazamisa/yokubamba ngombala okhanyayo

I-color tropism iwuphawu lokugwema izitho ezibonakalayo zezinambuzane emibala ehlukene. Ngokusebenzisa ukuzwela kwezinambuzane ezinhlobonhlobo ezibonakalayo ezinemibala ethile ukuphazamisa indlela eziqondiswe kuyo izinambuzane, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ukulimala kwezinambuzane ezitshalweni futhi kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane.

Ukuphazamiseka kokubonakaliswa kwefilimu

Ekukhiqizweni, uhlangothi oluphuzi lwefilimu ephuzi nsundu lubheke phezulu, kanti izinambuzane ezifana nama-aphid nezimpukane ezimhlophe zihlala efilimu ngobuningi ngenxa ye-phototaxis. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinga lokushisa lobuso befilimu liphezulu kakhulu ehlobo, ukuze inani elikhulu lezinambuzane ezinamathela ebusweni befilimu libulawe, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe umonakalo obangelwa yizinambuzane ezinjalo ezinamathela ngokungahlelekile ezitshalweni. Ifilimu esiliva-grey isebenzisa i-tropism engemihle yama-aphid, ama-thrip, njll. ekukhanyeni kombala. Ukumboza i-greenhouse yokutshala ikhukhamba kanye ne-strawberry ngefilimu esiliva-grey kunganciphisa ngempumelelo umonakalo wezinambuzane ezinjalo.

ukusebenzisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zefilimu

umphumela osebenzayo wefilimu ephuzi-nsundu endaweni yokukhiqiza utamatisi

Ukuphazamiseka kokubonakaliswa kwenethi yomthunzi welanga enemibala

Ukumboza amanetha omthunzi welanga anemibala ehlukene ngaphezu kwendlu eluhlaza kunganciphisa umonakalo ezitshalweni ngokusebenzisa izici zokukhanya kombala wezinambuzane. Inani lezimpukane ezimhlophe ezihlala enetheni eliphuzi laliphezulu kakhulu kunelelinethi elibomvu, inethi eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye nenethi elimnyama. Inani lezimpukane ezimhlophe endlini eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ezimbozwe inethi eliphuzi laliphansi kakhulu kunelinethi elimnyama kanye nenethi elimhlophe.

ukuhlaziywa kwesimo sokulawula izinambuzane ngamanethi omthunzi welanga anemibala ehlukene

Ukuphazamiseka kokukhanya kwenethi yomthunzi welanga ekhanyayo ye-aluminium foil

Inethi ebonakalisa i-aluminium foil ifakwe ohlangothini lwendlu eluhlaza okotshani, futhi inani lezimpukane ezimhlophe lincishisiwe kakhulu. Uma kuqhathaniswa nenethi evamile engangenwa yizinambuzane, inani lezimpukane ezinwabuzelayo lincishisiwe lisuka ku-17.1 heads/m²kuya kumakhanda angu-4.0/m².

ukusetshenziswa kwenethi ekhombisa i-aluminium foil

Ibhodi Elinamathelayo

Ekukhiqizeni, amabhodi aphuzi asetshenziselwa ukubamba nokubulala ama-aphid kanye ne-whitefly. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-thrip azwela kakhulu kuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka futhi anamatekisi aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka aqinile. Ekukhiqizeni, amabhodi aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka angasetshenziswa ukubamba nokubulala ama-thrip, njll., ngokusekelwe emcabangweni wamatekisi anombala wezinambuzane ekwakhiweni kwawo. Phakathi kwawo, iribhoni ene-bullseye noma iphethini ikhanga kakhulu ukuheha izinambuzane..

iteyipu enamathelayo ene-bullseye noma iphethini

Ulwazi lwezingcaphuno

UZhang Zhiping. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokulawula izinambuzane ze-Spectral esikhungweni [J]. Ubuchwepheshe bobunjiniyela bezolimo, 42(19): 17-22.