I-Original Zhang Zhiping Greenhouse Horticulture Agricultural Engineering Technology 2022-08-26 17:20 Kuthunyelwe e-Beijing

I-China yenze uhlelo lokuvimbela nokulawula okuluhlaza kanye nokungakhuli kahle kwezibulala-zinambuzane, futhi ubuchwepheshe obusha obusebenzisa i-phototaxis yezinambuzane ukulawula izinambuzane zezolimo buye bakhuthazwa futhi basetshenziswa kabanzi.

Izimiso zobuchwepheshe bokulawula izinambuzane ze-spectral

Ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane ngamasu e-spectroscopic kusekelwe ezicini zomzimba zekilasi lezinambuzane.Izinambuzane eziningi zinebanga elivamile le-wavelength elibonakalayo, ingxenye eyodwa igxiliswe ebhendini ye-UVA engabonakali, kanti enye ingxenye iyingxenye yokukhanya ebonakalayo.Engxenyeni engabonakali, ngenxa yokuthi ingaphandle kobubanzi bokukhanya okubonakalayo kanye ne-photosynthesis, kusho ukuthi ukungenelela kocwaningo kule ngxenye yebhande ngeke kube nomthelela emsebenzini kanye ne-photosynthesis yezitshalo.Abacwaningi bathola ukuthi ngokuvimbela le ngxenye yebhande, kungakha izindawo eziyimpumputhe zezinambuzane, ukunciphisa umsebenzi wazo, ukuvikela izitshalo ezinambuzaneni futhi kunciphise ukudluliswa kwegciwane.Kule ngxenye yebhande lokukhanya elibonakalayo, kungenzeka ukuqinisa le ngxenye yebhande endaweni ekude nezitshalo ukuze kuphazamise isiqondiso sesenzo sezinambuzane ukuvikela izitshalo ekuhlaselweni.

Izinambuzane ezivamile endaweni

Izinambuzane ezivamile endaweni yokutshala zihlanganisa amathrips, aphid, whiteflies, kanye nabavukuzi bamaqabunga, njll.

ukutheleleka kwe-thrips

ukutheleleka kwe-aphid

ukutheleleka kwe-whitefly

ukuhlaselwa kwe-leafminer

Izixazululo zokulawulwa kwe-spectral yezinambuzane nezifo zendawo

Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi izinambuzane ezibalwe ngenhla zinemikhuba yokuphila evamile.Imisebenzi, ukundiza kanye nokusesha kokudla kwalezi zinambuzane kuncike ekuzulazuleni kwe-spectral eqenjini elithile, njenge-aphid nezimpukane ekukhanyeni kwe-ultraviolet (ubude begagasi obungaba ngu-360 nm) nokukhanya okuluhlaza kuya kokuphuzi (520~540 nm) kunezitho ezamukelayo.Ukungenelela kulawa mabhande amabili kuphazamisa umsebenzi wesinambuzane futhi kunciphisa izinga lokuzala kwaso.Amathrips aphinde abe nokuzwela okubonakalayo engxenyeni yokukhanya ebonakalayo yebhendi engu-400-500 nm.

Ukukhanya okunombala ongaphelele kungenza izinambuzane zihlale phansi, ngaleyo ndlela kudala izimo ezikahle zokuheha nokubamba izinambuzane.Ukwengeza, izinga eliphakeme lokukhanya kwelanga (ngaphezu kwama-25% emisebe yokukhanya) lingavimbela futhi izinambuzane ukuthi zinamathisele izinto ezibonakalayo.Okufana nokuqina, ubude begagasi nokugqama kombala, nakho kuthinta kakhulu izinga lokusabela kwezinambuzane.Ezinye izinambuzane zinemisebe emibili ebonakalayo, okungukuthi ukukhanya kwe-UV kanye nokukhanya okuphuzi okuluhlaza, kanti ezinye zinezingqimba ezintathu ezibonakalayo, okuyi-UV, ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokukhanya okuphuzi okuluhlaza.

amabhande okukhanya abucayi abonakalayo ezinambuzane ezivamile

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinambuzane eziyingozi zingaphazanyiswa yi-phototaxis yazo engalungile.Ngokutadisha imikhuba yokuphila yezinambuzane, izixazululo ezimbili zokulawula izinambuzane zingathathwa.Enye iwukushintsha indawo ebamba ukushisa ebangeni le-spectral elivimbekile, ukuze i-spectrum yohlu olusebenzayo lwezinambuzane eziqukethwe ku-greenhouse, njengobubanzi bokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, yehliswe ibe sezingeni eliphansi kakhulu, ukudala "ubumpumputhe" izinambuzane kuleli bhande;okwesibili, okwesikhathi esingavimbeki, ukubonakaliswa noma ukusabalalisa ukukhanya okunemibala kwamanye ama-receptors ku-greenhouse kungandiswa, ngaleyo ndlela kuphazamise ukuqondiswa kokundiza nokufika kwezinambuzane.

Indlela yokuvimbela i-UV

Indlela yokuvimbela i-UV iwukwengeza ama-ejenti avimbela i-UV kufilimu ye-greenhouse kanye nenethi yezinambuzane, ukuze uvimbele ngempumelelo amabhande ama-wavelength amakhulu azwela izinambuzane ekukhanyeni ezingena endaweni ebamba ukushisa.Ngaleyo ndlela kuvimbela umsebenzi wezinambuzane, ukunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwezinambuzane nokunciphisa ukudluliswa kwezinambuzane nezifo phakathi kwezitshalo ku-greenhouse.

Inetha lezinambuzane ze-Spectrum

Inethi elingama-50-mesh (high mesh density) alikwazi ukumisa izinambuzane ngosayizi wemeshi.Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-mesh ikhulisiwe futhi umoya omncane ulungile, kodwa izinambuzane azikwazi ukulawulwa.

umthelela wokuvikela wenethi yezinambuzane ezixinene kakhulu

Amanethi ezinambuzane ezinama-Spectral avimba amabhande okukhanya azwelayo ezinambuzane ngokungeza izithasiselo zamabhande e-anti-ultraviolet ezintweni zokusetshenziswa.Ngenxa yokuthi akuncikile kuphela ekumineni kwemeshi ukuze ulawule izinambuzane, kuyenzeka futhi usebenzise inethi yokulawula izinambuzane enezikhala eziphansi ukuze uzuze umphumela ongcono wokulawula izinambuzane.Okusho ukuthi, ngenkathi iqinisekisa ukungena komoya okuhle, iphinde ifinyelele ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane ngempumelelo.Ngakho-ke, ukungqubuzana phakathi kokungena komoya kanye nokulawula izinambuzane endaweni yokutshala nakho kuyaxazululwa, futhi zombili izidingo zokusebenza zingahlangatshezwana nebhalansi ehlobene..

Kusukela ekukhanyeni kwebhendi ye-spectral ngaphansi kwenethi yokulawula izinambuzane ezingama-50-mesh, kungabonakala ukuthi ibhande le-UV (ibhande elizwela ukukhanya lezinambuzane) limunca kakhulu, futhi ukubukeka kungaphansi kuka-10%.Endaweni yamafasitela okungenisa umoya obamba ukushisa afakwe amanetha anjalo ezinambuzane, umbono wezinambuzane cishe awubonakali kuleli bhande.

imephu eboniswayo yebhande le-spectral lenethi lezinambuzane (50 mesh)

amanetha ezinambuzane anezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukene

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuvikelekile kwenetha lokuvikela izinambuzane, abacwaningi benze izivivinyo ezifanele, okungukuthi, engadini yokukhiqiza utamatisi, inetha elingu-50-mesh elivamile elivikela izinambuzane, inetha le-50-mesh spectral-proof net, 40- inetha elinetha elivamile elivikela izinambuzane, kanye nenethi elingamelana nezinambuzane elingu-40 elinenetha likhethiwe.Amanethi ezinambuzane anokusebenza okuhlukile kanye nokuminyana kwemeshi okuhlukile asetshenzisiwe ukuze kuqhathaniswe amazinga okusinda ezimpukane ezimhlophe namathrips.Esibalweni ngasinye, inani lezimpukane ezimhlophe ngaphansi kwenethi yokulawula izinambuzane ezinemeshi engu-50 lalincane kakhulu, futhi inani lezimpukane ezimhlophe ngaphansi kwenethi evamile enezikhala ezingu-40 lalilikhulu kakhulu.Kungabonakala ngokucacile ukuthi ngaphansi kwenani elifanayo lenetha lamanethi avikela izinambuzane, inani lezimpukane ngaphansi kwenethi elivikela izinambuzane lincane kakhulu kunalelo elingaphansi kwenethi elivamile.Ngaphansi kwenombolo efanayo ye-mesh, inani lama-thrip ngaphansi kwenethi elivikela izinambuzane lincane kunalelo elingaphansi kwenethi elivamile lokuvikela izinambuzane, futhi nenani lama-thrip ngaphansi kwenethi elivikela izinambuzane elingu-40-mesh lincane kunalelo elingaphansi. inetha elingu-50 elivamile elivikela izinambuzane.Ngokuvamile, inethi elivikela izinambuzane ezibukwayo lingase libe nomthelela onamandla wokuvikela izinambuzane kunenethi eliphakeme elinezikhala elivamile lokuvikela izinambuzane kuyilapho liqinisekisa ukungena komoya okungcono.

umthelela wokuvikela wamanetha ahlukene anezikhala avikela izinambuzane kanye namanethi avamile okuvikela izinambuzane

Ngaso leso sikhathi, abacwaningi baphinde benza olunye ucwaningo, okungukuthi, ukusebenzisa amanetha avamile angama-50-mesh okuvikela izinambuzane, amanetha angama-50-mesh spectral-proof-proof, kanye namanethi angama-68-mesh ajwayelekile okuvikela izinambuzane ukuqhathanisa inani lama-thrips i-greenhouse yokukhiqiza utamatisi.Njengoba isithombe se-10 sibonisile, inetha elifanayo elivamile lokulawula izinambuzane, i-68-mesh, ngenxa yokuminyana kwayo okuphezulu, umthelela wenethi elivikela izinambuzane uphakeme kakhulu kunalowo wenethi elingu-50 elivamile lokuvikela izinambuzane.Kodwa yona inetha le-50-mesh low-mesh low-spectral proof-proof inethi encane kune-high-mesh 68-mesh yenethi evamile yokuvikela izinambuzane.

ukuqhathaniswa kwenani lama-thrips ngaphansi kwamanethi ezinambuzane ahlukene

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho kuhlolwa inetha elivamile le-50-mesh elivikela izinambuzane kanye nenethi elingu-40-mesh spectral lokuvikela izinambuzane elinokusebenza okubili okuhlukene nokuminyana kwemeshi ehlukene, lapho kuqhathaniswa inani lama-thrips ibhodi ngalinye elinamathelayo endaweni yokukhiqiza i-leek, abacwaningi. ithole ukuthi noma inemeshi ephansi, inani lamanethi abukekayo libuye libe nomthelela omuhle kakhulu wokuvikela izinambuzane kunamanethi aphezulu anezikhala ezivamile zokuvikela izinambuzane.

ukuqhathaniswa kwenombolo ye-thrip ngaphansi kwamanethi ahlukene okulawula izinambuzane ekukhiqizeni

ukuqhathaniswa kwangempela komphumela wokuvikela izinambuzane wemeshi efanayo nokusebenza okuhlukile

 Ifilimu exosha izinambuzane

Ifilimu evamile yokumboza i-greenhouse izodonsa ingxenye yegagasi lokukhanya kwe-UV, okuyisizathu esiyinhloko sokusheshisa ukuguga kwefilimu.Izithasiselo ezivimba iqoqo lezinambuzane ezibucayi ze-UVA zengezwa efilimu evala i-greenhouse ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuyingqayizivele, futhi ngaphansi kwesisekelo sokuqinisekisa ukuthi impilo evamile yesevisi yefilimu ayithinteki, yenziwa ifilimu enobufakazi bezinambuzane. izakhiwo.

imiphumela yefilimu evimbela i-UV kanye nefilimu evamile ku-whitefly, amathrips, nama-aphid

Ngokukhula kwesikhathi sokutshala, kungabonakala ukuthi inani lezinambuzane ngaphansi kwefilimu evamile landa kakhulu kunalokho ngaphansi kwefilimu yokuvimbela i-UV.Kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwalolu hlobo lwefilimu kudinga ukuthi abalimi banake ngokukhethekile ukungena nokuphuma kanye nokuvuleka kwe-ventilation lapho besebenza ku-greenhouse yansuku zonke, ngaphandle kwalokho umphumela wokusetshenziswa wefilimu uzoncishiswa.Ngenxa yokulawulwa okuphumelelayo kwezinambuzane ngefilimu yokuvimbela i-UV, ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ngabalimi kuyancipha.Ekutshalweni kwe-eustoma esikhungweni, nefilimu yokuvimbela i-UV, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inani lama-leafminers, ama-thrips, ama-whiteflies noma inani lezibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenzisiwe, lingaphansi kwefilimu evamile.

Ukuqhathaniswa komphumela wefilimu yokuvimbela i-UV nefilimu evamile

ukuqhathanisa ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane endaweni ebamba ukushisa kusetshenziswa ifilimu yokuvimbela i-UV nefilimu evamile

Ukuphazamiseka kombala okhanyayo/indlela yokubamba

I-Color tropism isici sokugwema izitho ezibukwayo zezinambuzane zibe nemibala ehlukene.Ngokusebenzisa ukuzwela kwezinambuzane ezinhlobonhlobo ezibonakalayo ezinombala ukuphazamisa isiqondiso sezinambuzane, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ukulimala kwezinambuzane ezitshalweni nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane.

Ukuphazamiseka kokuboniswa kwefilimu

Ekukhiqizweni, uhlangothi oluphuzi lwefilimu ensundu lubheke phezulu, futhi izinambuzane ezinjengama-aphid nezimpukane zihlale ngobuningi efilimini ngenxa ye-phototaxis.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu kwefilimu liphezulu kakhulu ehlobo, kangangokuthi inani elikhulu lezinambuzane ezinamathela ebusweni befilimu liyabulawa, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe umonakalo odalwe izitshalo yizilokazane ezinjalo ezinamathela ngokuhlelekile ezitshalweni. .Ifilimu e-Silver-gray isebenzisa i-negative tropism ye-aphid, ama-thrips, njll. ukuze ifake umbala wokukhanya.Ukumboza ikhukhamba kanye ne-sitrobheli yokutshala abamba ukushisa ngefilimu yesiliva-grey kunganciphisa ngempumelelo ukulimala kwezinambuzane ezinjalo.

usebenzisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zefilimu

umphumela ongokoqobo wefilimu ephuzi ngokunsundu endaweni yokukhiqiza utamatisi

Ukuphazamiseka kokuboniswa kwenethi ye-sunshade enombala

Ukumboza amanetha e-sunshade emibala ehlukene ngaphezu kwe-greenhouse kunganciphisa ukulimala kwezitshalo ngokusebenzisa izici zokukhanya kombala wezinambuzane.Inani lezimpukane ezimhlophe ezihlala enetheni eliphuzi laliphezulu kakhulu kunelinetha elibomvu, inetha eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye nenethi elimnyama.Inani lezimpukane ezimhlophe endlini ebamba ukushisa embozwe inetha eliphuzi lalincane kakhulu kunelenethi elimnyama nelinetha elimhlophe.

ukuhlaziywa kwesimo sokulawula izinambuzane ngamanetha e-sunshade anemibala ehlukene

Ukuphazamiseka kokuboniswa kwenethi ye-aluminium foil ebonisa ukukhanya kwelanga

I-aluminium foil reflective net ifakwe ekuphakameni okuseceleni kwe-greenhouse, futhi inani lezimpukane liyancipha kakhulu.Uma kuqhathaniswa nenethi evamile yokuvikela izinambuzane, inani lama-thrips lincishisiwe lisuka ku-17.1 amakhanda/m.²kuya ku-4.0 amakhanda/m².

ukusetshenziswa kwe-aluminium foil reflective net

Ibhodi Elinamathelayo

Ekukhiqizeni, amabhodi aphuzi asetshenziselwa ukucupha nokubulala ama-aphid kanye ne-whitefly.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-thrips azwela kuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka futhi anamatekisi aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka aqinile.Ekukhiqizeni, amabhodi aluhlaza angasetshenziswa ukuze acuphe futhi abulale ama-thrips, njll., ngokusekelwe kumbono wezinambuzane ezinombala-amatekisi ekwakhiweni.Phakathi kwazo, i-ribbon ene-bullseye noma iphethini iheha kakhulu ukuheha izinambuzane.

itheyiphu enamathelayo ene-bullseye noma iphethini

Ulwazi lokucaphuna

Zhang Zhiping.Ukusetshenziswa Kobuchwepheshe Bokulawula Izinambuzane Esikhungweni Sendawo [J].I-Agricultural Engineering Technology, 42(19): 17-22.