UChen Tongqiang, njll. Ubuchwepheshe bobunjiniyela bezolimo bokulima ingadi eluhlaza Kushicilelwe eBeijing ngo-17:30 ngoJanuwari 6, 2023.

Ukulawulwa okuhle kwe-rhizosphere EC kanye ne-pH kuyimibandela edingekayo ukuze kutholakale isivuno esikhulu sikatamatisi esimweni sokulima esingenanhlabathi endaweni yokugcina ingilazi ehlakaniphile. Kulesi sihloko, utamatisi wathathwa njengento yokutshala, futhi ububanzi be-rhizosphere EC kanye ne-pH obufanele ezigabeni ezahlukene bufingqiwe, kanye nezinyathelo zobuchwepheshe zokulawula ezihambisanayo uma kwenzeka ukungahambi kahle, ukuze kunikezwe inkomba yokukhiqizwa kwangempela kokutshala ezindaweni zokugcina ingilazi zendabuko.

Ngokwezibalo ezingaphelele, indawo yokutshala yezindawo zokugcina izitshalo ezinengilazi eziningi eShayina isifinyelele ku-630hm2, futhi isakhula. Indlu yokugcina izitshalo enengilazi ihlanganisa izikhungo nemishini eyahlukahlukene, idala indawo yokukhula efanelekile yokukhula kwezitshalo. Ukulawulwa okuhle kwemvelo, ukuchelela okunembile kwamanzi nomanyolo, ukusebenza kahle kokulima kanye nokuvikelwa kwezitshalo yizinto ezine eziyinhloko zokufeza isivuno esiphezulu kanye nekhwalithi ephezulu katamatisi. Ngokuphathelene nokuchelela okunembile, inhloso yayo ukugcina i-rhizosphere EC efanele, i-pH, okuqukethwe kwamanzi e-substrate kanye nokuhlushwa kwe-ion ye-rhizosphere. I-rhizosphere EC enhle kanye ne-pH kwanelisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezimpande kanye nokumuncwa kwamanzi nomanyolo, okuyisidingo esidingekayo sokugcina ukukhula kwezitshalo, i-photosynthesis, ukuphefumulela kanye nezinye izindlela zokuziphatha kwe-metabolic. Ngakho-ke, ukugcina indawo enhle ye-rhizosphere kuyisimo esidingekayo sokufeza isivuno esikhulu sezitshalo.

Ukuphuma kokulawulwa kwe-EC kanye ne-pH ku-rhizosphere kuzoba nemiphumela engenakulungiseka ekulinganisweni kwamanzi, ekukhuleni kwezimpande, ukusebenza kahle kokumuncwa kwezimpande nomanyolo-ukuntuleka kwezakhamzimba zezitshalo, ukuhlushwa kwe-ion yezimpande-ukumuncwa komanyolo-ukuntuleka kwezakhamzimba zezitshalo njalo njalo. Ukutshala nokukhiqiza utamatisi ku-greenhouse yengilazi kusebenzisa isiko elingenanhlabathi. Ngemva kokuba amanzi nomanyolo kuxutshwe, ukulethwa okuhlanganisiwe kwamanzi nomanyolo kutholakala ngesimo semicibisholo ewayo. I-EC, i-pH, imvamisa, ifomula, inani loketshezi olubuyayo kanye nesikhathi sokuqala sokunisela sokunisela kuzothinta ngqo i-rhizosphere EC kanye ne-pH. Kulesi sihloko, i-rhizosphere EC efanelekile kanye ne-pH esigabeni ngasinye sokutshala utamatisi kufingqiwe, futhi izimbangela ze-rhizosphere EC kanye ne-pH ezingavamile zahlaziywa futhi kwafingqiwa izindlela zokulungisa, ezanikeza inkomba kanye nenkomba yobuchwepheshe yokukhiqizwa kwangempela kwezindawo zokugcina izimila zeglasi zendabuko.

I-rhizosphere EC kanye ne-pH ezifanele ezigabeni ezahlukene zokukhula kukatamatisi

I-rhizosphere EC ibonakala kakhulu ekuqongeleleni kwama-ion ezinto eziyinhloko ku-rhizosphere. Ifomula yokubala eyenzeka nge-empirical iwukuthi inani le-anion kanye ne-cation charges lihlukaniswe ngo-20, futhi uma inani liphakeme, i-rhizosphere EC iyanda. I-rhizosphere EC efanelekile izohlinzeka ngokuqongelelana kwama-ion ezinto ezifanele futhi ezifanayo ohlelweni lwezimpande.

Ngokuvamile, inani layo liphansi (i-rhizosphere EC<2.0mS/cm). Ngenxa yokucindezeleka okuvuvukala kwamaseli ezimpande, kuzoholela ekudingweni okukhulu kokumuncwa kwamanzi yizimpande, okuzoholela emanzini amaningi akhululekile ezitshalweni, futhi amanzi akhululekile angaphezulu azosetshenziselwa ukukhafula amaqabunga, ukukhula kweseli-ukungakhuli kwesitshalo; Inani layo liphezulu (i-rhizosphere yasebusika EC>8~10mS/cm, i-rhizosphere yasehlobo EC>5~7mS/cm). Ngokwanda kwe-rhizosphere EC, amandla okumuncwa kwamanzi ezimpande awanele, okuholela ekucindezelekeni kokuntuleka kwamanzi kwezitshalo, futhi ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, izitshalo zizobuna (Isithombe 1). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuncintisana phakathi kwamaqabunga nezithelo ngamanzi kuzoholela ekwehleni kokuqukethwe kwamanzi ezithelo, okuzothinta isivuno kanye nekhwalithi yezithelo. Uma i-rhizosphere EC ikhuliswa ngokulinganisela ngo-0~2mS/cm, inomthelela omuhle wokulawula ekwandeni kokuhlushwa kukashukela oncibilikayo/okuqukethwe okuqinile okuncibilikayo kwezithelo, ukulungiswa kokukhula kwezitshalo ezitshalweni kanye nokulinganisela kokukhula kokuzala, ngakho abalimi betamatisi be-cherry abaphishekela ikhwalithi bavame ukusebenzisa i-rhizosphere EC ephezulu. Kutholakale ukuthi ushukela oncibilikayo wekhukhamba elihlanganisiwe wawuphakeme kakhulu kunowokulawulwa ngaphansi kwesimo sokunisela ngamanzi aqinile (3g/L wamanzi aqinile azenzele wona anesilinganiso se-NaCl:MgSO4: CaSO4 esingu-2:2:1 sanezelwa esixazululweni sezakhamzimba). Izici zetamatisi ye-cherry yaseDutch 'Honey' ukuthi igcina i-rhizosphere EC ephezulu (8~10mS/cm) kuyo yonke inkathi yokukhiqiza, futhi izithelo zinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kukashukela, kodwa isivuno sezithelo esiqediwe siphansi kakhulu (5kg/m2).

I-Rhizosphere pH (engenawo unit) ibhekisela kakhulu ku-pH yesisombululo se-rhizosphere, ethinta kakhulu ukuna kwemvula kanye nokuncibilika kwe-ion ngayinye ye-element emanzini, bese ithinta ukusebenza kahle kwe-ion ngayinye emuncwa uhlelo lwezimpande. Kuma-ion amaningi e-element, ububanzi bayo be-pH obufanele bungu-5.5~6.5, okungaqinisekisa ukuthi i-ion ngayinye ingamuncwa uhlelo lwezimpande ngokujwayelekile. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi sokutshala utamatisi, i-rhizosphere pH kufanele ihlale igcinwe ku-5.5~6.5. Ithebula 1 libonisa ububanzi be-rhizosphere EC kanye nokulawulwa kwe-pH ezigabeni ezahlukene zokukhula kwamatamatisi amakhulu. Kumatamatisi amancane, njengotamatisi we-cherry, i-rhizosphere EC ezigabeni ezahlukene iphakeme ngo-0~1mS/cm kuneyamatamatisi amakhulu, kodwa wonke alungiswa ngokwesimo esifanayo.

Izizathu ezingavamile kanye nezindlela zokulungisa i-tomato rhizosphere EC

I-Rhizosphere EC ibhekisela ku-EC yesisombululo sezakhamzimba esizungeze uhlelo lwezimpande. Lapho uboya bedwala likatamatisi butshalwa eHolland, abalimi bazosebenzisa amasirinji ukumunca isisombululo sezakhamzimba kusuka kuboya bedwala, futhi imiphumela imelela kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, i-EC yokubuyisa iseduze ne-rhizosphere EC, ngakho-ke i-EC yephuzu lesampula yokubuyisa ivame ukusetshenziswa njenge-rhizosphere EC eShayina. Ukwehluka kwe-rhizosphere EC ngosuku kuvame ukukhuphuka ngemva kokuphuma kwelanga, kuqala ukwehla futhi kuhlale kuzinzile lapho kuphezulu kokunisela, futhi kukhuphuke kancane ngemva kokunisela, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 2.

Izizathu eziyinhloko zokubuya okuphezulu kwe-EC yizinga eliphansi lokubuyisa, i-EC ephezulu yokungena kanye nokunisela sekwephuzile. Inani lokunisela ngosuku olufanayo lincane, okubonisa ukuthi izinga lokubuyisa uketshezi liphansi. Inhloso yokubuyiselwa koketshezi ukugeza ngokuphelele i-substrate, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-rhizosphere EC, okuqukethwe kwamanzi kwe-substrate kanye nokuhlushwa kwe-ion ye-rhizosphere kusezingeni elijwayelekile, futhi izinga lokubuyisa uketshezi liphansi, kanti uhlelo lwezimpande lumunca amanzi amaningi kune-ion eyisisekelo, okubonisa ukwanda kwe-EC. I-EC ephezulu yokungena iholela ngqo ku-EC ephezulu yokubuyisa. Ngokomthetho wesithupha, i-EC yokubuyisa ingu-0.5 ~ 1.5ms / cm ephakeme kune-EC yokungena. Ukunisela kokugcina kwaphela ekuqaleni kwalolo suku, futhi amandla okukhanya ayesephezulu (300 ~ 450W / m2) ngemva kokunisela. Ngenxa yokuphefumulela kwezitshalo eziqhutshwa imisebe, uhlelo lwezimpande lwaqhubeka nokumunca amanzi, okuqukethwe kwamanzi kwe-substrate kwehla, ukuhlushwa kwe-ion kwanda, bese i-rhizosphere EC yanda. Uma i-rhizosphere EC iphakeme, amandla emisebe ephezulu, kanye nomswakama ophansi, izitshalo zibhekene nokucindezeleka kokuntuleka kwamanzi, okubonakala kakhulu njengokubuna (Isithombe 1, kwesokudla).

I-EC ephansi ku-rhizosphere ibangelwa kakhulu yizinga eliphezulu lokubuyisa uketshezi, ukuqedwa kokunisela sekwephuzile, kanye ne-EC ephansi ekungeneni koketshezi, okuzokwenza inkinga ibe nkulu. Izinga eliphezulu lokubuyisa uketshezi lizoholela ekusondeleni okungenamkhawulo phakathi kwe-EC yokungena kanye ne-EC yokubuyisa. Lapho ukunisela kuphela sekwephuzile, ikakhulukazi ezinsukwini ezinamafu, kuhlanganiswe nokukhanya okuphansi kanye nomswakama ophezulu, ukuphefumula kwezitshalo kubuthakathaka, isilinganiso sokumuncwa kwama-ion ayisisekelo siphakeme kunesamanzi, kanti isilinganiso sokwehla kokuqukethwe kwamanzi e-matrix siphansi kunesokuhlushwa kwama-ion kusisombululo, okuzoholela ku-EC ephansi yoketshezi lokubuyisa. Ngenxa yokuthi ingcindezi yokuvuvukala kwamaseli ezinwele zezimpande zezitshalo iphansi kunamandla amanzi esisombululo sezakhamzimba se-rhizosphere, uhlelo lwezimpande lumunca amanzi amaningi futhi ibhalansi yamanzi ayilingani. Lapho ukuphefumula kubuthakathaka, isitshalo sizokhishwa ngendlela yokukhafula amanzi (isithombe 1, kwesobunxele), futhi uma izinga lokushisa liphezulu ebusuku, isitshalo sizokhula ngeze.

Ukulungiswa kukala lapho i-rhizosphere EC ingajwayelekile: ① Uma i-EC yokubuya iphezulu, i-EC engenayo kufanele ibe ngaphakathi kwebanga elifanele. Ngokuvamile, i-EC engenayo yamatamatisi amakhulu ezithelo ingu-2.5~3.5mS/cm ehlobo kanye no-3.5~4.0mS/cm ebusika. Okwesibili, thuthukisa izinga lokubuyisa uketshezi, elingaphambi kokunisela okuvama kakhulu emini, futhi uqinisekise ukuthi ukubuyiselwa koketshezi kwenzeka njalo ngokunisela. Izinga lokubuyisa uketshezi lihlobene kahle nokuqongelela kwemisebe. Ehlobo, lapho amandla emisebe esengaphezu kuka-450 W/m2 futhi ubude bungaphezu kwemizuzu engama-30, inani elincane lokunisela (50~100mL/dripper) kufanele lengezwe ngesandla kanye, futhi kungcono ukuthi kungabikho ukubuyiselwa koketshezi okwenzekayo ngokuyisisekelo. ② Uma izinga lokubuyisa uketshezi liphansi, izizathu eziyinhloko izinga lokubuyisa uketshezi eliphezulu, i-EC ephansi kanye nokunisela kokugcina. Uma sibheka isikhathi sokugcina sokunisela, ukunisela kokugcina kuvame ukuphela amahora angu-2-5 ngaphambi kokushona kwelanga, kuphele ezinsukwini ezinamafu kanye nobusika ngaphambi kwesikhathi esibekiwe, bese kubambezeleka ezinsukwini ezinelanga kanye nehlobo. Lawula izinga lokubuya koketshezi, ngokusho kokuqongelela kwemisebe yangaphandle. Ngokuvamile, izinga lokubuya koketshezi lingaphansi kuka-10% uma ukuqongelela kwemisebe kungaphansi kuka-500J/(cm2.d), kanye no-10%~20% uma ukuqongelela kwemisebe kungama-500~1000J/(cm2.d), njalo njalo.

Izimbangela ezingavamile kanye nezindlela zokulungisa i-tomato rhizosphere pH

Ngokuvamile, i-pH ye-influent ingu-5.5 kanti i-pH ye-leachate ingu-5.5~6.5 ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele. Izici ezithinta i-rhizosphere pH yifomula, indawo yokukhulisa, izinga le-leachate, ikhwalithi yamanzi njalo njalo. Uma i-rhizosphere pH iphansi, izoshisa izimpande futhi ichithe i-rock wool matrix ngokungathi sína, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3. Uma i-rhizosphere pH iphezulu, ukumuncwa kwe-Mn2+, Fe 3+, Mg2+ kanye ne-PO4 3- kuzoncishiswa, okuzoholela ekutholakaleni kokuntuleka kwezinto, njengokuntuleka kwe-manganese okubangelwa yi-rhizosphere pH ephezulu, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 4.

Ngokuphathelene nekhwalithi yamanzi, amanzi emvula kanye namanzi okuhlunga ulwelwesi lwe-RO ane-asidi, kanti i-pH yotshwala lukamama ngokuvamile ingu-3 ~ 4, okuholela ku-pH ephansi yotshwala bokungena. I-potassium hydroxide kanye ne-potassium bicarbonate zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukulungisa i-pH yotshwala bokungena. Amanzi omthombo kanye namanzi angaphansi komhlaba avame ukulawulwa yi-nitric acid kanye ne-phosphoric acid ngoba aqukethe i-HCO3 - eyi-alkaline. I-pH yokungena engavamile izothinta ngqo i-pH yokubuya, ngakho-ke i-pH yokungena efanele iyisisekelo somthetho. Ngokuphathelene ne-substrate yokulima, ngemva kokutshala, i-pH yoketshezi olubuyayo lwe-substrate ye-coconut bran iseduze nolwelwesi olungenayo, futhi i-pH engavamile yoketshezi olungenayo ngeke ibangele ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwe-rhizosphere pH ngesikhathi esifushane ngenxa yesakhiwo esihle sokubopha se-substrate. Ngaphansi kokutshalwa koboya bedwala, inani le-pH loketshezi olubuyayo ngemva kokuhlanganiswa liphezulu futhi lihlala isikhathi eside.

Ngokuphathelene nefomula, ngokwendlela ehlukile yokumunca ama-ion yizitshalo, ingahlukaniswa ngosawoti we-acid ophilayo kanye nosawoti we-alkaline ophilayo. Uma sithatha i-NO3- njengesibonelo, lapho izitshalo zimunca i-1mol ye-NO3-, uhlelo lwempande luzokhipha i-1mol ye-OH-, okuzoholela ekwandeni kwe-rhizosphere pH, kuyilapho lapho uhlelo lwempande lumunca i-NH4+, luzokhipha ukuhlushwa okufanayo kwe-H+, okuzoholela ekwehleni kwe-rhizosphere pH. Ngakho-ke, i-nitrate iyisawoti eyisisekelo ongokwenyama, kuyilapho usawoti we-ammonium uyisawoti o-acid ongokwenyama. Ngokuvamile, i-potassium sulfate, i-calcium ammonium nitrate kanye ne-ammonium sulfate kuyi-physiological acid fertilizer, i-potassium nitrate kanye ne-calcium nitrate kuyi-physiological alkaline salts, kanti i-ammonium nitrate iyisawoti ongathathi hlangothi. Ithonya lesilinganiso sokubuya koketshezi ku-rhizosphere pH libonakala kakhulu ekuhlanzeni kwesisombululo sezakhamzimba se-rhizosphere, kanti i-rhizosphere pH engavamile ibangelwa ukuhlushwa kwama-ion okungalingani ku-rhizosphere.

Ukulungiswa kwezilinganiso lapho i-rhizosphere pH ingajwayelekile: ① Okokuqala, hlola ukuthi i-pH ye-influent isebangeni elifanele yini; (2) Lapho kusetshenziswa amanzi aqukethe i-carbonate eningi, njengamanzi asemgodini, umbhali wake wathola ukuthi i-pH ye-influent yayijwayelekile, kodwa ngemva kokuphela kokunisela ngalolo suku, i-pH ye-influent yahlolwa futhi kwatholakala ukuthi inyukile. Ngemva kokuhlaziywa, isizathu esingenzeka ukuthi i-pH yanda ngenxa ye-buffer ye-HCO3-, ngakho-ke kunconywa ukusebenzisa i-nitric acid njengomlawuli lapho kusetshenziswa amanzi asemgodini njengomthombo wamanzi wokunisela; (3) Lapho uboya bedwala busetshenziswa njengesisekelo sokutshala, i-pH yesisombululo sokubuya iphezulu isikhathi eside esigabeni sokuqala sokutshala. Kulesi simo, i-pH yesisombululo esingenayo kufanele yehliswe ngokufanele ibe ngu-5.2 ~ 5.5, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, umthamo kasawoti we-physiological acid kufanele wande, futhi i-calcium ammonium nitrate kufanele isetshenziswe esikhundleni se-calcium nitrate kanye ne-potassium sulfate kufanele isetshenziswe esikhundleni se-potassium nitrate. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umthamo we-NH4+ akufanele udlule i-1/10 yenani eliphelele le-N kufomula. Isibonelo, lapho inani eliphelele le-N (NO3- +NH4+) elitholakalayo lingu-20mmol/L, inani le-NH4+ lingaphansi kuka-2mmol/L, futhi i-potassium sulfate ingasetshenziswa esikhundleni se-potassium nitrate, kodwa kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi inani le-SO4^2-Akukhuthazwa ukuthi kusetshenziswe ukunisela okungaphezu kuka-6~8 mmol/L; (4) Ngokuphathelene nesilinganiso sokubuyiselwa koketshezi, inani lokunisela kufanele lenyuswe isikhathi ngasinye futhi i-substrate kufanele igezwe, ikakhulukazi uma uboya bedwala busetshenziselwa ukutshala, ngakho-ke i-rhizosphere pH ayikwazi ukulungiswa ngokushesha ngesikhathi esifushane ngokusebenzisa usawoti we-acid ophilayo, ngakho-ke inani lokunisela kufanele lenyuswe ukuze kulungiswe i-rhizosphere pH ibe yibanga elifanele ngokushesha okukhulu.

Isifinyezo

Ububanzi obufanele be-rhizosphere EC kanye ne-pH buyisisekelo sokuqinisekisa ukumuncwa okuvamile kwamanzi kanye nomanyolo yizimpande zikatamatisi. Amanani angajwayelekile azoholela ekusweleni kwezakhamzimba zezitshalo, ukungalingani kwebhalansi yamanzi (ukucindezeleka kokuntuleka kwamanzi/amanzi amaningi akhululekile), ukushiswa kwezimpande (i-EC ephezulu kanye ne-pH ephansi) kanye nezinye izinkinga. Ngenxa yokubambezeleka kokungajwayelekile kwezitshalo okubangelwa yi-rhizosphere EC kanye ne-pH engavamile, uma inkinga isivele ikhona, kusho ukuthi i-rhizosphere EC kanye ne-pH engavamile seyenzekile izinsuku eziningi, futhi inqubo yokubuyela kwesitshalo esimweni esijwayelekile izothatha isikhathi, okuthinta ngqo umkhiqizo kanye nekhwalithi. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthola i-EC kanye ne-pH yoketshezi olungenayo nolubuyiswayo nsuku zonke.

ISIPHETHO

[Ulwazi olucashuniwe] Chen Tongqiang, Xu Fengjiao, Ma Tiemin, njll. Indlela yokulawula i-Rhizosphere EC kanye ne-pH yokulima utamatisi okungenanhlabathi endaweni yokushisa ingilazi [J]. Agricultural Engineering Technology, 2022,42(31):17-20.