Umthombo Wokuqala: Houcheng Liu. Isimo sentuthuko kanye nomkhuba womkhakha wokukhanyisa izitshalo ze-LED [J]. Ijenali Yobunjiniyela Bokukhanyisa, 2018,29(04):8-9.
Umthombo Wesihloko: Izinto Uma Sezijulile

Ukukhanya kuyisici esiyisisekelo semvelo sokukhula kwezitshalo nokuthuthuka kwazo. Ukukhanya akugcini nje ngokunikeza amandla okukhula kwezitshalo nge-photosynthesis, kodwa futhi kungumlawuli obalulekile wokukhula kwezitshalo nokuthuthuka kwazo. Isengezo sokukhanya okwenziwe noma ukukhanya okugcwele okwenziwe kungakhuthaza ukukhula kwezitshalo, kwandise isivuno, kuthuthukise ukuma komkhiqizo, umbala, kuthuthukise izingxenye ezisebenzayo, futhi kunciphise ukuvela kwezifo nezinambuzane. Namuhla, ngizokwabelana nawe ngesimo sokuthuthukiswa kanye nomkhuba wemboni yokukhanyisa izitshalo.
Ubuchwepheshe bomthombo wokukhanya okwenziwe busetshenziswa kabanzi emkhakheni wokukhanyisa izitshalo. I-LED inezinzuzo eziningi njengokusebenza kahle kokukhanya okuphezulu, ukukhiqiza ukushisa okuphansi, usayizi omncane, impilo ende kanye nezinye izinzuzo eziningi. Inezinzuzo ezisobala emkhakheni wokukhanyisa izitshalo. Imboni yokukhanyisa izitshalo izosebenzisa kancane kancane izibani ze-LED zokutshala izitshalo.

A. Isimo sokuthuthukiswa komkhakha wokukhanyisa we-LED 

1. Iphakheji ye-LED yokukhanyisa izitshalo

Emkhakheni wokufaka izibani ze-LED ezikhulayo, kunezinhlobo eziningi zamadivayisi okupakisha, futhi akukho uhlelo olujwayelekile lokulinganisa nokuhlola oluhlanganisiwe. Ngakho-ke, uma kuqhathaniswa nemikhiqizo yasekhaya, abakhiqizi bangaphandle bagxila kakhulu eziqondisweni zamandla aphezulu, i-cob kanye ne-module, becabangela uchungechunge lokukhanya okumhlophe kokukhanya okukhulayo, uma kubhekwa izici zokukhula kwezitshalo kanye nendawo yokukhanya eyenziwe ngabantu, banezinzuzo ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe ekuthembekeni, ukusebenza kahle kokukhanya, izici zomsebe we-photosynthetic wezitshalo ezahlukene emijikelezweni ehlukene yokukhula, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo zamandla aphezulu, zamandla aphakathi kanye nezamandla aphansi zemikhiqizo yobukhulu obuhlukene, ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zezitshalo ezahlukahlukene ezindaweni ezahlukene zokukhula, belindele ukufeza umgomo wokukhulisa ukukhula kwezitshalo nokonga amandla.

Inani elikhulu lamalungelo obunikazi ayisisekelo ama-wafer epitaxial chip asesezandleni zezinkampani zokuqala ezihamba phambili njengeNichia yaseJapan kanye ne-American Career. Abakhiqizi bama-chip basekhaya basesenawo imikhiqizo enelungelo lobunikazi enokuncintisana emakethe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinkampani eziningi nazo zakha ubuchwepheshe obusha emkhakheni wama-chip okupakisha izibani zokukhulisa. Isibonelo, ubuchwepheshe be-chip yefilimu encane ka-Osram buvumela ama-chip ukuthi ahlanganiswe eduze ukuze adale indawo enkulu yokukhanyisa. Ngokusekelwe kulobu buchwepheshe, uhlelo lokukhanyisa lwe-LED olusebenza kahle kakhulu olunobude be-wavelength obungu-660nm lunganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okungu-40% endaweni yokulima.

2. Khulisa ububanzi bokukhanya namadivayisi
I-spectrum yokukhanya kwezitshalo iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi iyahlukahluka. Izitshalo ezahlukene zinomehluko omkhulu kuma-spectra adingekayo emijikelezweni ehlukene yokukhula ngisho nasezindaweni ezihlukene zokukhula. Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nalezi zidingo ezihlukene, okwamanje kunezinhlelo ezilandelayo embonini: ①Izinhlelo eziningi zokuhlanganisa ukukhanya kwe-monochromatic. Ama-spectra amathathu asebenza kahle kakhulu e-plant photosynthesis ikakhulukazi yi-spectrum enama-peaks angu-450nm kanye no-660nm, ibhendi engu-730nm yokukhuthaza ukuqhakaza kwezitshalo, kanye nokukhanya okuluhlaza okungu-525nm kanye nebhendi ye-ultraviolet engaphansi kuka-380nm. Hlanganisa lezi zinhlobo zama-spectra ngokwezidingo ezahlukene zezitshalo ukuze wakhe i-spectrum efaneleke kakhulu. ②Iskimu esigcwele se-spectrum ukuze kufezwe ukumbozwa okugcwele kwe-spectrum yesidingo sezitshalo. Lolu hlobo lwe-spectrum oluhambisana ne-SUNLIKE chip emelelwe yi-Seoul Semiconductor kanye ne-Samsung kungenzeka kungabi olusebenza kahle kakhulu, kodwa lufanele zonke izitshalo, futhi izindleko ziphansi kakhulu kunezo zezixazululo zokuhlanganisa ukukhanya kwe-monochromatic. ③Sebenzisa ukukhanya okumhlophe okugcwele njengesisekelo esiyinhloko, kanye nokukhanya okubomvu okungu-660nm njengohlelo oluhlanganisiwe ukuze uthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwe-spectrum. Lolu hlelo lungabizi kakhulu futhi luyasebenza.

Izibani ze-LED ezikhanyayo zezitshalo ezikhula nge-monochromatic (ama-wavelength amakhulu angama-450nm, 660nm, 730nm) amadivayisi okupakisha ambozwe izinkampani eziningi zasekhaya nezakwamanye amazwe, kuyilapho imikhiqizo yasekhaya ihlukahlukene kakhulu futhi inemininingwane eminingi, kanti imikhiqizo yabakhiqizi bangaphandle ijwayelekile kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, maqondana ne-photosynthetic photon flux, ukusebenza kahle kokukhanya, njll., kusenegebe elikhulu phakathi kwabakhiqizi bokupakisha basekhaya nabakwamanye amazwe. Kumadivayisi okupakisha ukukhanya kwezitshalo okukhanyayo kwe-monochromatic, ngaphezu kwemikhiqizo enama-wavelength amakhulu angama-450nm, 660nm, kanye nama-730nm, abakhiqizi abaningi nabo bathuthukisa imikhiqizo emisha kwamanye ama-wavelength ukuze bafeze ukumbozwa okuphelele kwe-photo-synthetically active radiation (PAR) wavelength (450-730nm).

Izibani zokukhula kwezitshalo ze-LED ezinombala owodwa azifanele ukukhula kwazo zonke izitshalo. Ngakho-ke, izinzuzo zama-LED anombala ogcwele ziyaqokonyiswa. I-spectrum egcwele kumele iqale ifinyelele ukumbozwa okugcwele kwe-spectrum ephelele yokukhanya okubonakalayo (400-700nm), futhi yandise ukusebenza kwalezi zinhlangothi ezimbili: ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (470-510nm), ukukhanya okubomvu okujulile (660-700nm). Sebenzisa i-chip ye-LED eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma i-ultraviolet ye-LED ejwayelekile ene-phosphor ukuze ufinyelele i-spectrum "egcwele", futhi ukusebenza kwayo kwe-photosynthetic kune-high and low yayo. Iningi labakhiqizi bamadivayisi okupakisha e-LED amhlophe okukhanyisa izitshalo basebenzisa i-chip ye-Blue + phosphor ukuze bafinyelele i-spectrum egcwele. Ngaphezu kwemodi yokupakisha yokukhanya kwe-monochromatic kanye nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma i-chip ye-ultraviolet kanye ne-phosphor ukuze kutholakale ukukhanya okumhlophe, amadivayisi okupakisha okukhanyisa izitshalo nawo anemodi yokupakisha ehlanganisiwe esebenzisa ama-chip amabili noma ngaphezulu we-wavelength, njenge-red ten blue/ultraviolet, RGB, RGBW. Le modi yokupakisha inezinzuzo ezinkulu ekufiphaleni.

Ngokuphathelene nemikhiqizo ye-LED enobude obuncane, iningi labaphakeli bokupakisha linganikeza amakhasimende imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene yobude be-wavelength ebhendini engu-365-740nm. Ngokuphathelene ne-spectrum yokukhanyisa izitshalo eguqulwa yi-phosphors, iningi labakhiqizi bokupakisha banezinhlobonhlobo zama-spectrum amakhasimende angakhetha kuzo. Uma kuqhathaniswa no-2016, izinga lokukhula kokuthengisa ngo-2017 lifinyelele ukwanda okukhulu. Phakathi kwazo, izinga lokukhula lomthombo wokukhanya we-LED ongu-660nm ligxile ku-20%-50%, kanti izinga lokukhula kokuthengisa lomthombo wokukhanya we-LED wesitshalo oguqulwe yi-phosphors lifinyelela ku-50%-200%, okungukuthi, ukuthengiswa kwemithombo yokukhanya ye-LED yesitshalo eguqulwe yi-phosphors kukhula ngokushesha.

Zonke izinkampani zokupakisha zingahlinzeka ngemikhiqizo yokupakisha ejwayelekile engu-0.2-0.9 W kanye ne-1-3 W. Le mithombo yokukhanya ivumela abakhiqizi bokukhanyisa ukuthi babe nokuguquguquka okuhle ekwakhiweni kokukhanyisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanye abakhiqizi bahlinzeka ngemikhiqizo yokupakisha ehlanganisiwe enamandla aphezulu. Njengamanje, ngaphezu kwama-80% okuthunyelwa kwabakhiqizi abaningi kungu-0.2-0.9 W noma i-1-3 W. Phakathi kwazo, ukuthunyelwa kwezinkampani zokupakisha ezihamba phambili zamazwe ngamazwe kugxile ku-1-3 W, kuyilapho ukuthunyelwa kwezinkampani zokupakisha ezincane neziphakathi nendawo kugxile ku-0.2-0.9 W.

3. Izinsimu zokusetshenziswa kokukhanya kwezitshalo

Kusukela emkhakheni wokusetshenziswa, izibani zokukhulisa izitshalo zisetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhanyiseni okushisa ukushisa, ezimbonini zokukhanyisa izitshalo zokwenziwa, ekukhuliseni izicubu zezitshalo, ekukhanyiseni insimu yokulima yangaphandle, emifino yasekhaya kanye nokutshala izimbali, kanye nocwaningo lwelabhorethri.

①Ezindlini zokugcina izithombo zelanga kanye nasezindlini zokugcina izithombo ezinezikhawu eziningi, isilinganiso sokukhanya okwenziwe ngokwenziwa kokukhanyisa okwengeziwe sisaphansi, kanti izibani ze-metal halide kanye nezibani ze-sodium ezinomfutho ophezulu yizo eziyinhloko. Izinga lokungena kwezinhlelo zokukhanyisa ze-LED liphansi kakhulu, kodwa izinga lokukhula liqala ukusheshisa njengoba izindleko zehla. Isizathu esiyinhloko ukuthi abasebenzisi banokuhlangenwe nakho kwesikhathi eside kokusebenzisa izibani ze-metal halide kanye nezibani ze-sodium ezinomfutho ophezulu, kanti ukusetshenziswa kwezibani ze-metal halide kanye nezibani ze-sodium ezinomfutho ophezulu kunganikeza cishe u-6% kuya ku-8% wamandla okushisa endlu yokugcina izithombo ngenkathi kugwema ukushiswa ezitshalweni. Uhlelo lokukhanyisa lwe-LED aluzange lunikeze imiyalelo eqondile nesebenzayo kanye nokusekelwa kwedatha, okwabambezela ukusetshenziswa kwayo emini kanye nasezindlini zokugcina izithombo ezinezikhawu eziningi. Njengamanje, izinhlelo zokubonisa ezincane ziseyizona eziyinhloko. Njengoba i-LED ingumthombo wokukhanya okubandayo, ingaba seduze kakhulu nophahla lwezitshalo, okuholela ekuthintekeni okuncane kokushisa. Emini nasezindlini zokugcina izithombo ezinezikhawu eziningi, ukukhanya kwe-LED kusetshenziswa kakhulu ekulimeni phakathi kwezitshalo.

②Ukusetshenziswa kwensimu yokulima yangaphandle. Ukungena nokusetshenziswa kokukhanya kwezitshalo kwezolimo zesikhungo kuye kwaba kancane, kuyilapho ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zokukhanyisa izitshalo ze-LED (ukulawula isikhathi sokukhanya) kwezitshalo zangaphandle ezisebenza usuku lonke ezinenani eliphezulu lezomnotho (njengezithelo zedrako) kufinyelele intuthuko esheshayo.

③Izimboni zezitshalo. Njengamanje, uhlelo lokukhanyisa izitshalo olushesha kakhulu nolusetshenziswa kakhulu yifektri yezitshalo zokukhanya zokwenziwa, ehlukaniswe ngamafektri ezitshalo ezinyakazayo ezinezingqimba eziningi futhi ezisatshalaliswa ngezigaba. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamafektri ezitshalo zokukhanya zokwenziwa eShayina kuyashesha kakhulu. Umzimba oyinhloko wokutshalwa kwezimali wefektri yezitshalo zokukhanya zokwenziwa ezinezingqimba eziningi akuzona izinkampani zezolimo zendabuko, kodwa yizinkampani eziningi ezibandakanyeka emikhiqizweni ye-semiconductor kanye ne-electronic yabathengi, njengeZhongke San'an, Foxconn, Panasonic Suzhou, Jingdong, kanye ne-COFCO kanye ne-Xi Cui kanye nezinye izinkampani zezolimo zesimanje ezintsha. Emafektri ezitshalo ezisakazwayo nezihambayo, izitsha zokuthumela (izitsha ezintsha noma ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezitsha ezisetshenzisiwe) zisasetshenziswa njengezithwali ezijwayelekile. Izinhlelo zokukhanyisa izitshalo zazo zonke izitshalo zokwenziwa zisebenzisa kakhulu izinhlelo zokukhanyisa eziqondile noma eziqondile, futhi inani lezinhlobo ezitshaliwe liyaqhubeka nokukhula. Imithombo yokukhanya ye-LED yokuhlola ehlukahlukene isiqalile ukusetshenziswa kabanzi futhi kabanzi. Imikhiqizo emakethe ikakhulukazi imifino eluhlaza.

④Ukutshalwa kwezitshalo zasekhaya. I-LED ingasetshenziswa ezibanini zetafula zezitshalo zasekhaya, ezindaweni zokutshala izitshalo zasekhaya, emishinini yokutshala imifino yasekhaya, njll.

⑤Ukutshalwa kwezitshalo zokwelapha. Ukutshalwa kwezitshalo zokwelapha kuhilela izitshalo ezifana ne-Anoectochilus ne-Lithospermum. Imikhiqizo kulezi zimakethe inenani eliphakeme kwezomnotho futhi okwamanje iyimboni enezicelo eziningi zokukhanyisa izitshalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvunyelwa kokutshalwa kwensangu eNyakatho Melika nasezingxenyeni ezithile zaseYurophu kukhuthaze ukusetshenziswa kokukhanyisa kwe-LED emkhakheni wokutshalwa kwensangu.

⑥ Izibani zezimbali. Njengethuluzi elibalulekile lokulungisa isikhathi sokuqhakaza kwezimbali embonini yengadi yezimbali, ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kwezibani zezimbali kwakuyizibani ezikhanyayo, kulandelwa izibani ze-fluorescent ezonga amandla. Ngokuthuthuka kwezimboni ze-LED, izibani eziningi zezimbali zohlobo lwe-LED ziye zathatha indawo yezibani zendabuko kancane kancane.

⑦Ukukhuliswa kwezicubu zezitshalo. Imithombo yokukhanya yendabuko yokukhuliswa kwezicubu ikakhulukazi izibani ezimhlophe ezikhanyayo, ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ekukhanyeni kanye nokukhiqizwa okukhulu kokushisa. Ama-LED afaneleka kakhulu ekukhulisweni kwezicubu zezitshalo okusebenzayo, okulawulwayo futhi okuncane ngenxa yezici zawo ezivelele njengokusetshenziswa kwamandla aphansi, ukukhiqizwa kokushisa okuphansi kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside. Njengamanje, amashubhu e-LED amhlophe athatha indawo yezibani ezimhlophe ezikhanyayo kancane kancane.

4. Ukusatshalaliswa kwezifunda kwezinkampani zokukhanyisa izitshalo

Ngokwezibalo, okwamanje kunezinkampani zokukhanyisa izitshalo ezingaphezu kuka-300 ezweni lakithi, futhi izinkampani zokukhanyisa izitshalo endaweni yasePearl River Delta zingaphezu kuka-50%, futhi sezivele zisesimweni esikhulu. Izinkampani zokukhanyisa izitshalo eYangtze River Delta zilinganiselwa ku-30%, futhi kuseyindawo ebalulekile yokukhiqiza imikhiqizo yokukhanyisa izitshalo. Izinkampani zokukhanyisa izitshalo zendabuko zisatshalaliswa kakhulu eMfuleni iYangtze, eMfuleni iPearl Delta naseBohai Rim, lapho uMfula iYangtze Delta ulinganiselwa ku-53%, kanti uMfula iPearl Delta kanye neBohai Rim zilinganiselwa ku-24% kanye no-22% ngokulandelana. Izindawo eziyinhloko zokusabalalisa abakhiqizi bokukhanyisa izitshalo ze-LED yiPearl River Delta (62%), uMfula iYangtze River Delta (20%) kanye neBohai Rim (12%).

B. Umkhuba wokuthuthukiswa komkhakha wokukhanyisa izibani ze-LED

1. Ubuchwepheshe

Ukukhanya kwe-LED okukhuliswayo kunezici zokukhanya okulungisekayo kanye nokukhanya, ukukhiqizwa kokushisa okuphansi, kanye nokusebenza kahle kokungena kwamanzi, ngakho-ke kufanelekile ukukhanyisa izitshalo ezindaweni ezahlukene. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinguquko endaweni yemvelo kanye nokuphishekela kwabantu ikhwalithi yokudla kukhuthaze intuthuko enamandla yezolimo zezikhungo kanye nezimboni zokukhulisa izitshalo, futhi kwaholela imboni yokukhanyisa izitshalo ze-LED esikhathini sokuthuthukiswa okusheshayo. Esikhathini esizayo, ukukhanyisa izitshalo ze-LED kuzodlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kwezolimo, ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha kokudla, kanye nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yezithelo nemifino. Umthombo wokukhanya we-LED wokukhanyisa izitshalo uzothuthuka ngokwengeziwe ngobuchwepheshe obuhamba kancane kancane bemboni futhi uhambe ngendlela eqondiswe kakhulu.

2. Ukusebenza kahle kakhulu

Ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kahle kokukhanya kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamandla kuyisihluthulelo sokunciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokusebenza kokukhanya kwezitshalo. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-LED esikhundleni sezibani zendabuko kanye nokwenza ngcono okuguquguqukayo kanye nokulungiswa kwendawo yokukhanya ngokwezidingo zefomula yokukhanya yezitshalo kusukela esigabeni sokutshala kuya esigabeni sokuvuna kuyizindlela ezingenakugwenywa zezolimo ezicwengisisiwe esikhathini esizayo. Ngokuphathelene nokuthuthukisa isivuno, ingatshalwa ngezigaba nezifunda kuhlanganiswe nefomula yokukhanya ngokwezici zokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kanye nokukhiqiza esigabeni ngasinye. Ngokuphathelene nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi, ukulawulwa kokudla kanye nokulawulwa kokukhanya kungasetshenziswa ukwandisa okuqukethwe kwezakhamzimba nezinye izithako ezisebenzayo zokunakekelwa kwempilo.

Ngokusho kwezilinganiso, isidingo samanje sikazwelonke sezithombo zemifino singamabhiliyoni angu-680, kanti amandla okukhiqiza izithombo zasefektri angaphansi kuka-10%. Imboni yezithombo inezidingo eziphakeme zemvelo. Isikhathi sokukhiqiza sivame ukuba sebusika nasentwasahlobo. Ukukhanya kwemvelo kubuthakathaka futhi kudingeka ukukhanya okwengeziwe kokwenziwa. Ukukhanya kwezitshalo kunokufaka okuphezulu kanye nokukhipha kanye nezinga eliphezulu lokwamukelwa kokufakwayo. I-LED inezinzuzo ezihlukile, ngoba izithelo nemifino (utamatisi, ukhukhamba, amakhabe, njll.) kudingeka kufakwe, futhi ububanzi obuthile bokufakwa kokukhanya ngaphansi kwezimo zomswakama ophezulu kungakhuthaza ukuphulukiswa kwezithombo ezifakwe. Ukukhanya okwengeziwe kokutshala imifino ebamba ukushisa kungenza kube lula ukuntuleka kokukhanya kwemvelo, kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwe-photosynthesis yezitshalo, kukhuthaze ukuqhakaza nokuthela izithelo, kwandise isivuno, futhi kuthuthukise ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Ukukhanya kwezitshalo ze-LED kunamathuba amaningi okusetshenziswa ezithombo zemifino kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-greenhouse.

3. Uhlakaniphile

Ukukhanya kwezitshalo kunesidingo esikhulu sokulawulwa kwekhwalithi yokukhanya kanye nobuningi bokukhanya ngesikhathi sangempela. Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe bokulawula okuhlakaniphile kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-Intanethi Yezinto, izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-monochromatic spectrums kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula ezihlakaniphile zingalawula isikhathi, ukulawula ukukhanya, futhi ngokuya ngesimo sokukhula kwezitshalo, ukulungiswa kwekhwalithi yokukhanya kanye nokukhishwa kokukhanya ngesikhathi esifanele kuzoba umkhuba oyinhloko ekuthuthukisweni kwesikhathi esizayo kobuchwepheshe bokukhanyisa izitshalo.