Isingeniso

Ukukhanya kunendima ebalulekile ekukhuleni kwezitshalo. Ungumanyolo ongcono kakhulu okhuthaza ukumuncwa kwesitshalo se-chlorophyll kanye nokumuncwa kwezimfanelo ezihlukahlukene zokukhula kwezitshalo njenge-carotene. Kodwa-ke, isici esinqumayo esinquma ukukhula kwezitshalo siyisici esibanzi, esingahlobene kuphela nokukhanya, kodwa futhi esingenakuhlukaniswa nokucushwa kwamanzi, inhlabathi kanye nomanyolo, izimo zemvelo yokukhula kanye nokulawula okuphelele kwezobuchwepheshe.

Eminyakeni emibili noma emithathu edlule, kube nemibiko engapheli mayelana nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokukhanyisa kwe-semiconductor mayelana nezimboni zezitshalo ezinezinhlangothi ezintathu noma ukukhula kwezitshalo. Kodwa ngemva kokuyifunda ngokucophelela, kuhlale kukhona umuzwa wokungakhululeki. Ngokuvamile, akukho ukuqonda kwangempela kokuthi ukukhanya kufanele kube yiphi indima ekukhuleni kwezitshalo.

Okokuqala, masiqonde i-spectrum yelanga, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1. Kungabonakala ukuthi i-spectrum yelanga iyi-spectrum eqhubekayo, lapho i-spectrum eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuhlaza kunamandla kunombala obomvu, kanye ne-spectrum yokukhanya ebonakalayo isukela. 380 ukuze 780 nm. Ukukhula kwezinto eziphilayo emvelweni kuhlobene nokuqina kwe-spectrum. Ngokwesibonelo, izitshalo eziningi endaweni eseduze nenkabazwe zikhula ngokushesha okukhulu, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubukhulu bokukhula kwazo bukhulu ngokuqhathaniswa. Kodwa ukushuba okuphezulu kwemisebe yelanga akubi njalo, futhi kunezinga elithile lokukhetha ukukhula kwezilwane nezitshalo.

Umfanekiso 1, Izici ze-spectrum yelanga kanye ne-spectrum yayo yokukhanya ebonakalayo

Okwesibili, umdwebo we-spectrum wesibili wezinto ezimbalwa ezibalulekile zokumunca zokukhula kwezitshalo ukhonjiswe kuMfanekiso 2.

Umfanekiso 2, Ukumuncwa kwe-auxin eminingana ekukhuleni kwezitshalo

Kungabonakala kuMdwebo 2 ukuthi ukumuncwa kokukhanya kwama-auxin abalulekile amaningana athinta ukukhula kwezitshalo kuhluke kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwezibani ze-LED zokukhula kwezitshalo akuyona indaba elula, kodwa kuhloswe kakhulu. Lapha kuyadingeka ukwethula imiqondo yezinto ezimbili ezibaluleke kakhulu zokukhula kwezitshalo ze-photosynthetic.

• I-Chlorophyll

I-Chlorophyll ingenye yemibala ebaluleke kakhulu ehlobene ne-photosynthesis. Ikhona kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo ezingadala i-photosynthesis, okuhlanganisa izitshalo eziluhlaza, i-prokaryotic blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) kanye ne-eukaryotic algae. I-chlorophyll imunca amandla ekukhanyeni, bese isetshenziselwa ukuguqula isikhutha sibe amacarbohydrates.

I-Chlorophyll a imunca kakhulu ukukhanya okubomvu, futhi i-chlorophyll b imunca ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokubomvana, ikakhulukazi ukuhlukanisa izitshalo ezinomthunzi nezitshalo zelanga. Isilinganiso se-chlorophyll b kuya ku-chlorophyll a yezitshalo zomthunzi sincane, ngakho izitshalo ezinomthunzi zingasebenzisa ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokuqinile futhi zivumelane nokukhula emthunzini. I-Chlorophyll a iluhlaza sasibhakabhaka, kanti i-chlorophyll b inombala ophuzi ngokuluhlaza okotshani. Kukhona ukumuncwa okubili okuqinile kwe-chlorophyll a kanye ne-chlorophyll b, eyodwa esifundeni esibomvu esinobude begagasi obungu-630-680 nm, kanti enye isendaweni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-violet enobude obungamaza angama-400-460 nm.

• Ama-carotenoids

I-carotenoids yigama elijwayelekile lekilasi lemibala yemvelo ebalulekile, evame ukutholakala kumbala ophuzi, owolintshi-obomvu noma obomvu ezilwaneni, ezitshalweni eziphakeme, isikhunta kanye nolwelwe. Kuze kube manje, angaphezu kuka-600 ama-carotenoid emvelo atholakele.

Ukumuncwa okukhanyayo kwe-carotenoids kuhlanganisa ububanzi be-OD303~505 nm, okunikeza umbala wokudla futhi kuthinte ukudla komzimba. Ku-algae, izitshalo, kanye nama-microorganisms, umbala wawo umbozwe i-chlorophyll futhi awukwazi ukuvela. Emangqamuzaneni ezitshalo, ama-carotenoid akhiqiza hhayi kuphela ukumunca nokudlulisa amandla ukusiza i-photosynthesis, kodwa futhi anomsebenzi wokuvikela amangqamuzana ekubhujisweni ama-molecule e-oksijini ebhondi ye-electron eyodwa.

Okunye ukungaqondi kahle komqondo

Ngaphandle komphumela wokonga amandla, ukukhetha kokukhanya nokuxhumana kokukhanya, ukukhanya kwe-semiconductor kubonise izinzuzo ezinkulu. Nokho, kusukela ekuthuthukisweni okusheshayo kweminyaka emibili edlule, siye sabona nokungaqondi okuningi ekwakhiweni nasekusetshenzisweni kokukhanya, okuboniswa ikakhulukazi kulezi zici ezilandelayo.

①Inqobo nje uma ama-chips abomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka obude obuthile ehlanganiswa ngesilinganiso esithile, angasetshenziswa ekulinyweni kwezitshalo, isibonelo, isilinganiso sokubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngu-4:1, 6:1, 9:1 nokunye. ku.

②Inqobo nje uma kusakhanya okumhlophe, kungathatha indawo yokukhanya kwelanga, njengeshubhu lokukhanya elimhlophe elisetshenziswa kabanzi e-Japan, njll. Ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zinhlobonhlobo kunomthelela othile ekukhuleni kwezitshalo, kodwa umphumela uba ayilungile njengomthombo wokukhanya owenziwe yi-LED.

③Inqobo nje uma i-PPFD (ukukhanya kwe-quantum flux density), ipharamitha ebalulekile yokukhanyisa, ifinyelela inkomba ethile, isibonelo, i-PPFD inkulu kuno-200 μmol·m-2·s-1. Kodwa-ke, lapho usebenzisa le nkomba, kufanele unake ukuthi isitshalo somthunzi noma isitshalo selanga. Udinga ukubuza noma uthole iphoyinti lokugcwala kwesinxephezelo sokukhanya lalezi zitshalo, elibizwa nangokuthi iphoyinti lesinxephezelo sokukhanya. Ekusetshenzisweni kwangempela, izithombo zivame ukushiswa noma zibune. Ngakho-ke, ukuklanywa kwale parameter kufanele kuklanywe ngokuya ngezinhlobo zezitshalo, indawo yokukhula nezimo.

Mayelana nesici sokuqala, njengoba kwethulwe esingenisweni, i-spectrum edingekayo ekukhuleni kwesitshalo kufanele kube i-spectrum eqhubekayo enobubanzi obuthile bokusabalalisa. Ngokusobala akulungile ukusebenzisa umthombo wokukhanya owenziwe ngamachips amabili e-wavelength athile abomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nge-spectrum encane kakhulu (njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3(a)). Ekuhlolweni, kwatholakala ukuthi izitshalo zivame ukuba phuzi, iziqu zeqabunga zilula kakhulu, futhi iziqu zamaqabunga zincane kakhulu.

Kumashubhu e-fluorescent anemibala emithathu eyinhloko evame ukusetshenziswa eminyakeni edlule, nakuba okumhlophe kuhlanganiswa, i-spectra ebomvu, eluhlaza, neluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka iyahlukaniswa (njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3(b)), futhi ububanzi be-spectrum buncane kakhulu. Ukuqina kwe-spectral kwengxenye elandelayo eqhubekayo abuthakathaka, futhi amandla asemakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nama-LED, izikhathi ezingu-1.5 kuya kwezingu-3 ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. Ngakho-ke, umphumela wokusebenzisa awulungile njengezibani ze-LED.

Umfanekiso 3, I-chip ebomvu neluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukukhanya kwesitshalo se-LED kanye ne-three-primary color fluorescent light spectrum

I-PPFD iwukukhanya kwe-quantum flux density, ebhekisela ekukhanyeni okusebenzayo kokukhanya okuguquguqukayo kwemisebe ku-photosynthesis, okumelela inani eliphelele lesigameko se-quanta esikhanyayo eqabungeni lesitshalo esibangeni lwamaza angama-400 kuya ku-700 nm ngesikhathi seyunithi nendawo ngayinye. . Iyunithi yayo ithi μE·m-2·s-1 (μmol·m-2·s-1). Imisebe ye-photosynthetically asebenzayo (PAR) ibhekisela emisebeni yelanga ephelele enobude obungamaza kububanzi obungu-400 kuya ku-700 nm. Ingavezwa nge-quanta ekhanyayo noma ngamandla akhazimulayo.

Esikhathini esidlule, ukukhanya okuboniswa i-illuminometer kwakuwukukhanya, kodwa ububanzi bokukhula kwezitshalo bushintsha ngenxa yobude bokukhanya okuvela esitshalweni, ukumbozwa kokukhanya nokuthi ukukhanya kungadlula emaqabunga. Ngakho-ke, akunembile ukusebenzisa i-par njengenkomba yokuqina kokukhanya ocwaningweni lwe-photosynthesis.

Ngokuvamile, indlela ye-photosynthesis ingaqalwa lapho i-PPFD yesitshalo esithanda ilanga inkulu kuno-50 μmol·m-m-2·s-1, kuyilapho i-PPFD yesitshalo esinomthunzi idinga kuphela u-20 μmol·m-2·s-1 . Ngakho-ke, lapho uthenga izibani ze-LED zokukhulisa, ungakhetha inombolo yezibani ze-LED ezikhula ngokususelwe kuleli nani lesithenjwa kanye nohlobo lwezitshalo ozitshalayo. Isibonelo, uma i-PPFD ye-LED lght eyodwa ingu-20 μmol·m-2·s-1, kudingeka ama-LED plant bulbs angaphezu kuka-3 ukuze kutshalwe izitshalo ezithanda ilanga.

Izixazululo eziningana zokuklama kokukhanyisa kwe-semiconductor

Ukukhanyisa kwe-semiconductor kusetshenziselwa ukukhula noma ukutshala izitshalo, futhi kunezindlela ezimbili eziyisisekelo zokubhekisela.

• Njengamanje, imodeli yokutshala yasendlini ishisa kakhulu e-China. Le modeli inezici ezimbalwa:

①Indima yezibani ze-LED ukuhlinzeka nge-spectrum egcwele yokukhanya kwezitshalo, futhi uhlelo lokukhanyisa luyadingeka ukuze lunikeze wonke amandla okukhanyisa, futhi izindleko zokukhiqiza ziphakeme kakhulu;
②Idizayini yezibani ezikhulayo ze-LED idinga ukucabangela ukuqhubeka nobuqotho be-spectrum;
③Kuyadingeka ukulawula ngempumelelo isikhathi sokukhanyisa namandla okukhanyisa, njengokuvumela izitshalo ziphumule amahora ambalwa, ukushuba kwemisebe akwanele noma kunamandla kakhulu, njll.;
④Yonke inqubo idinga ukulingisa izimo ezidingwa imvelo yangempela yokukhula kwezitshalo ngaphandle, njengokuswakama, izinga lokushisa kanye nokugxiliswa kwe-CO2.

• Imodi yokutshala yangaphandle enesisekelo esihle sokutshala i-greenhouse yangaphandle. Izici zalo modeli yilezi:

①Indima yezibani ze-LED ukwengeza ukukhanya. Enye iwukuthuthukisa amandla okukhanya ezindaweni eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokubomvu ngaphansi kwemisebe yelanga emini ukuze kuthuthukiswe i-photosynthesis yezitshalo, kanti enye iwukunxephezela lapho kungenakukhanya kwelanga ebusuku ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinga lokukhula kwezitshalo.
②Ukukhanya okungeziwe kudinga ukucabangela ukuthi isitshalo sikusiphi isigaba sokukhula, njengenkathi yezithombo noma isikhathi sokuqhakaza nokuthela.

Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka kwezibani zezitshalo ze-LED kufanele kuqala kube nezindlela ezimbili zokuklama eziyisisekelo, okungukuthi, ukukhanya kwe-24h (ngaphakathi) kanye nokukhanyisa okungeziwe kwezitshalo (ngaphandle). Ukuze kutshalwe izitshalo zasendlini, idizayini yezibani ze-LED zidinga ukucabangela izici ezintathu, njengoba kuboniswe kumfanekiso 4. Akwenzeki ukupakisha ama-chips ngemibala emithathu eyinhloko engxenyeni ethile.

Umfanekiso wesi-4, Umbono wokuklama wokusebenzisa izibani ze-booster plant ze-LED zasendlini ukuze kukhanye amahora angu-24

Isibonelo, nge-spectrum esigabeni se-nursery, kucatshangelwa ukuthi idinga ukuqinisa ukukhula kwezimpande neziqu, ukuqinisa amagatsha amaqabunga, futhi umthombo wokukhanya usetshenziswa endlini, i-spectrum ingaklanywa njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 5.

Umfanekiso wesi-5, izakhiwo ze-Spectral ezifanele isikhathi se-nursery yangaphakathi ye-LED

Ngokuklanywa kohlobo lwesibili lwe-LED khulisa ukukhanya, kuhloswe kakhulu kwisixazululo sokuklama sokukhanyisa ukukhanya ukukhuthaza ukutshala esisekelweni se-greenhouse yangaphandle. Umbono wokuklama uboniswa kuMfanekiso 6.

Umfanekiso 6, Dizayina imibono yezibani ezikhulayo zangaphandle 

Umbhali uphakamisa ukuthi izinkampani eziningi zokutshala zisebenzisa inketho yesibili yokusebenzisa izibani ze-LED ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwezitshalo.

Okokuqala nje, ukutshalwa kwe-greenhouse yangaphandle yaseShayina kunamashumi eminyaka amaningi kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho okubanzi, kokubili eningizimu nasenyakatho. Inesisekelo esihle sobuchwepheshe bokulima kwe-greenhouse futhi inikeza inani elikhulu lezithelo nemifino emakethe yamadolobha azungezile. Ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wokutshalwa kwenhlabathi namanzi kanye nomanyolo, kuye kwenziwa ucwaningo olucebile.

Okwesibili, lolu hlobo lwesixazululo sokukhanya olwengeziwe lunganciphisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okungadingekile, futhi ngasikhathi sinye kungakhuphula ngempumelelo isivuno sezithelo nemifino. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indawo enkulu yezwe yase-China ikulungele kakhulu ukuphromotha.

Njengocwaningo lwesayensi lokukhanya kwezitshalo ze-LED, luphinde lunikeze isisekelo sokuhlola esibanzi salo. I-Fig. 7 iwuhlobo lokukhanya kwe-LED okukhulayo okuthuthukiswe yileli thimba labacwaningi, elilungele ukutshala ezindlini zokugcina izithombo, futhi i-spectrum yayo iboniswa ku-Fig. 8.

Umfanekiso 7, Uhlobo lwe-LED ekhulisa ukukhanya

Umfanekiso 8, i-spectrum yohlobo lokukhanya kwe-LED

Ngokwemibono yokuklama engenhla, ithimba locwaningo lenze uchungechunge lwezivivinyo, futhi imiphumela yokuhlola ibaluleke kakhulu. Isibonelo, ekukhuleni ukukhanya ngesikhathi senkulisa, isibani sokuqala esisetshenziswa isibani se-fluorescent esinamandla angu-32 W kanye nomjikelezo we-nursery wezinsuku ezingu-40. Sinikeza ukukhanya kwe-LED engu-12 W, okufinyeza umjikelezo wezithombo ube yizinsuku ezingu-30, kunciphisa ngokuphumelelayo ithonya lokushisa kwezibani endaweni yokusebenzela yezithombo, futhi konga ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwesimo somoya. Ukuqina, ubude kanye nombala wezithombo kungcono kunesixazululo sokuqala sokukhulisa izithombo. Ngezithombo zemifino evamile, iziphetho ezinhle zokuqinisekisa nazo zitholakale, ezifingqiwe kuleli tafula elilandelayo.

Phakathi kwazo, iqembu lokukhanya elingeziwe le-PPFD: 70-80 μmol·m-2·s-1, kanye nesilinganiso esibomvu-blue: 0.6-0.7. Ibanga levelu ye-PPFD yasemini yeqembu lemvelo lalingu-40~800 μmol·m-2·s-1, futhi isilinganiso sokubomvu ukuya kokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka sasingu-0.6~1.2. Kuyabonakala ukuthi lezi zinkomba ezingenhla zingcono kunezithombo ezikhule ngokwemvelo.

Isiphetho

Lesi sihloko sethula intuthuko yakamuva ekusetshenzisweni kwezibani ze-LED ekutshalweni kwezitshalo, futhi iveza ukungaqondi kahle ekusebenziseni ukukhanya kwe-LED ekutshalweni kwezitshalo. Ekugcineni, imibono yezobuchwepheshe kanye nezikimu zokuthuthukiswa kwezibani ze-LED ezisetshenziselwa ukutshala izitshalo ziyethulwa. Kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi kukhona nezinye izici ezidinga ukucatshangelwa ekufakweni nasekusetshenzisweni kokukhanya, njengebanga phakathi kokukhanya nesitshalo, ububanzi bokukhanya kwesibani, nendlela yokufaka ukukhanya nge amanzi ajwayelekile, umanyolo, nomhlabathi.

Umbhali: Yi Wang et al. Umthombo: CNKI