Isingeniso

Ukukhanya kudlala indima ebalulekile enkambisweni yokukhula kwezitshalo. Kungumanyolo ongcono kakhulu wokukhuthaza ukumuncwa kwe-chlorophyll yezitshalo kanye nokumuncwa kwezimfanelo ezahlukene zokukhula kwezitshalo njenge-carotene. Kodwa-ke, isici esinquma ukukhula kwezitshalo siyisici esibanzi, hhayi nje kuphela esihlobene nokukhanya, kodwa futhi esingenakuhlukaniswa nokucushwa kwamanzi, inhlabathi kanye nomanyolo, izimo zendawo yokukhula kanye nokulawulwa kobuchwepheshe okuphelele.

Eminyakeni emibili noma emithathu edlule, kube nemibiko engapheli mayelana nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokukhanyisa kwe-semiconductor maqondana nezimboni zezitshalo ezinezilinganiso ezintathu noma ukukhula kwezitshalo. Kodwa ngemva kokukufunda ngokucophelela, kuhlale kukhona umuzwa wokungakhululeki. Ngokuvamile, akukho ukuqonda kwangempela ukuthi ukukhanya kufanele kudlale yiphi indima ekukhuleni kwezitshalo.

Okokuqala, ake siqonde i-spectrum yelanga, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1. Kungabonakala ukuthi i-solar spectrum iyi-spectrum eqhubekayo, lapho i-spectrum eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka neluhlaza inamandla kune-spectrum ebomvu, kanti i-spectrum yokukhanya okubonakalayo isukela ku-380 kuya ku-780 nm. Ukukhula kwezinto eziphilayo emvelweni kuhlobene nokuqina kwe-spectrum. Isibonelo, izitshalo eziningi endaweni eseduze ne-equator zikhula ngokushesha kakhulu, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubukhulu bokukhula kwazo bukhulu kakhulu. Kodwa amandla aphezulu okukhanya kwelanga akubi ngcono ngaso sonke isikhathi, futhi kukhona izinga elithile lokukhetha ukukhula kwezilwane nezitshalo.

Umfanekiso 1, Izici ze-solar spectrum kanye ne-visual light spectrum yayo

Okwesibili, umdwebo wesibili we-spectrum wezinto eziningana ezibalulekile zokumunca ukukhula kwezitshalo uboniswe kuMfanekiso 2.

Umfanekiso 2, Ama-spectra okumunca ama-auxin amaningana ekukhuleni kwezitshalo

Kungabonakala kuMfanekiso 2 ukuthi ama-spectra okumunca ukukhanya kwama-auxin amaningana abalulekile athinta ukukhula kwezitshalo ahluke kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwezibani zokukhula kwezitshalo ze-LED akuyona into elula, kodwa kuhloswe kakhulu. Lapha kuyadingeka ukwethula imiqondo yezinto ezimbili ezibaluleke kakhulu zokukhula kwezitshalo ze-photosynthetic.

• I-Chlorophyll

I-Chlorophyll ingenye yemibala ebaluleke kakhulu ehlobene ne-photosynthesis. Ikhona kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo ezingadala i-photosynthesis, okuhlanganisa izitshalo eziluhlaza, i-prokaryotic blue-green algae (i-cyanobacteria) kanye ne-eukaryotic algae. I-Chlorophyll imunca amandla avela ekukhanyeni, okube sekusetshenziswa ukuguqula i-carbon dioxide ibe ama-carbohydrate.

I-Chlorophyll a imunca kakhulu ukukhanya okubomvu, kanti i-chlorophyll b imunca kakhulu ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ikakhulukazi ukuhlukanisa izitshalo zomthunzi ezitshalweni zelanga. Isilinganiso se-chlorophyll b ne-chlorophyll a sezitshalo zomthunzi sincane, ngakho-ke izitshalo zomthunzi zingasebenzisa ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kakhulu futhi zivumelane nokukhula emthunzini. I-Chlorophyll a iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kanti i-chlorophyll b iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokumunca okunamandla kwe-chlorophyll a kanye ne-chlorophyll b, eyodwa esifundeni esibomvu enobude obungu-630-680 nm, kanti enye esifundeni esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka enobude obungu-400-460 nm.

• Ama-Carotenoid

Ama-Carotenoid yigama elijwayelekile lesigaba semibala yemvelo ebalulekile, evame ukutholakala kuma-pigment aphuzi, abomvu-orenji noma abomvu ezilwaneni, ezitshalweni eziphakeme, ezikhunta, kanye nase-algae. Kuze kube manje, sekutholakale ama-carotenoid emvelo angaphezu kuka-600.

Ukumuncwa okulula kwama-carotenoid kuhlanganisa ububanzi be-OD303 ~ 505 nm, okunikeza umbala wokudla futhi kuthinte ukudla okudliwa ngumzimba. Ku-algae, ezitshalweni, kanye nasezilwanyaneni ezincane, umbala wayo umbozwe yi-chlorophyll futhi awukwazi ukuvela. Kumaseli ezitshalo, ama-carotenoid akhiqizwayo awagcini nje ngokumunca nokudlulisa amandla ukusiza i-photosynthesis, kodwa futhi anomsebenzi wokuvikela amaseli ekubhujisweni ama-molecule e-oxygen e-single-electron bond ashukumisayo.

Ukungaqondani okuthile okunengqondo

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umphumela wokonga amandla ungakanani, ukukhetha kokukhanya kanye nokuhlanganiswa kokukhanya, ukukhanya kwe-semiconductor kubonise izinzuzo ezinkulu. Kodwa-ke, kusukela ekuthuthukisweni okusheshayo kweminyaka emibili edlule, sibone nokungaqondani okuningi ekwakhiweni nasekusetshenzisweni kokukhanya, okubonakala kakhulu kulezi zici ezilandelayo.

①Uma nje ama-chips abomvu naluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka obubanzi obuthile be-wavelength ehlanganiswe ngesilinganiso esithile, angasetshenziswa ekutshalweni kwezitshalo, isibonelo, isilinganiso sokubomvu noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka singu-4:1, 6:1, 9:1 njalo njalo.

②Uma nje kungukukhanya okumhlophe, kungathatha indawo yokukhanya kwelanga, njengepayipi lokukhanya elimhlophe eliyinhloko elisetshenziswa kabanzi eJapane, njll. Ukusetshenziswa kwala ma-spectrum kunomthelela othile ekukhuleni kwezitshalo, kodwa umphumela awumuhle njengomthombo wokukhanya owenziwe yi-LED.

③Uma nje i-PPFD (ubuningi be-light quantum flux), okuyipharamitha ebalulekile yokukhanyisa, ifinyelela ku-index ethile, isibonelo, i-PPFD ingaphezu kuka-200 μmol·m-2·s-1. Kodwa-ke, uma usebenzisa lesi sibonakaliso, kufanele unake ukuthi ngabe isitshalo somthunzi noma isitshalo selanga. Udinga ukubuza noma ukuthola iphuzu lokugcwala kwesinxephezelo sokukhanya kwalezi zitshalo, elibizwa nangokuthi iphuzu lesinxephezelo sokukhanya. Ekusetshenzisweni kwangempela, izithombo zivame ukushiswa noma zome. Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka kwale pharamitha kumele kuklanywe ngokwezinhlobo zezitshalo, indawo yokukhula kanye nezimo.

Ngokuphathelene nesici sokuqala, njengoba kwethulwe esethulweni, i-spectrum edingekayo ekukhuleni kwesitshalo kufanele ibe yi-spectrum eqhubekayo enobubanzi obuthile bokusabalalisa. Akufanelekile ukusebenzisa umthombo wokukhanya owenziwe ngama-chips amabili athile obude obubomvu nohlaza okwesibhakabhaka ane-spectrum encane kakhulu (njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3(a)). Ekuhlolweni, kutholakale ukuthi izitshalo zivame ukuba phuzi, iziqu zamaqabunga zikhanya kakhulu, kanti iziqu zamaqabunga zincane kakhulu.

Kumapayipi e-fluorescent anemibala emithathu eyinhloko evame ukusetshenziswa eminyakeni edlule, yize okumhlophe kwakhiwa, ama-spectra abomvu, aluhlaza okotshani, naluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ayahlukaniswa (njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3(b)), kanti ububanzi be-spectrum buncane kakhulu. Ukuqina kwe-spectral kwengxenye elandelayo eqhubekayo kubuthakathaka kakhulu, futhi amandla asemakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nama-LED, izikhathi eziyi-1.5 kuya kwezingu-3 zokusetshenziswa kwamandla. Ngakho-ke, umphumela wokusetshenziswa awumuhle njengezibani ze-LED.

Umfanekiso 3, Isibani sezitshalo se-LED esine-chip ebomvu neluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye ne-spectrum yokukhanya okukhanyayo okunemibala emithathu eyinhloko

I-PPFD iwukuxinana kwe-flux ye-quantum yokukhanya, okubhekisela ekuxinaneni kokukhanya okusebenzayo kwemisebe ku-photosynthesis, okumelela inani eliphelele le-quanta yokukhanya eziqwini zeqabunga lesitshalo ebangeni lobude be-wavelength obungu-400 kuya ku-700 nm ngesikhathi seyunithi nendawo yeyunithi. Iyunithi yayo yi-μE·m-2·s-1 (μmol·m-2·s-1). Imisebe esebenzayo nge-photosynthetically (PAR) ibhekisela emisebeni yelanga iyonke enobude be-wavelength obungu-400 kuya ku-700 nm. Ingavezwa yi-quanta yokukhanya noma ngamandla agqamile.

Esikhathini esidlule, amandla okukhanya aboniswa yi-illuminator kwakuwukukhanya, kodwa ububanzi bokukhula kwezitshalo buyashintsha ngenxa yokuphakama kwesibani esivela esitshalweni, ukumbozwa kokukhanya nokuthi ukukhanya kungadlula yini emaqabungeni. Ngakho-ke, akulona iqiniso ukusebenzisa i-par njengesibonakaliso sokuqina kokukhanya esifundweni se-photosynthesis.

Ngokuvamile, indlela yokwenza i-photosynthesis ingaqaliswa uma i-PPFD yesitshalo esithanda ilanga inkulu kuno-50 μmol·m-2·s-1, kuyilapho i-PPFD yesitshalo esinomthunzi idinga kuphela u-20 μmol·m-2·s-1. Ngakho-ke, uma uthenga izibani zokukhulisa ze-LED, ungakhetha inani lezibani zokukhulisa ze-LED ngokusekelwe kuleli nani lokubhekisela kanye nohlobo lwezitshalo ozitshalayo. Isibonelo, uma i-PPFD ye-LED light eyodwa ingu-20 μmol·m-2·s-1, kudingeka amabhalbhu ezitshalo ze-LED angaphezu kuka-3 ukuze kukhule izitshalo ezithanda ilanga.

Izixazululo eziningana zokuklama zokukhanyisa kwe-semiconductor

Ukukhanyisa kwe-semiconductor kusetshenziselwa ukukhula kwezitshalo noma ukutshala, futhi kunezindlela ezimbili eziyisisekelo zokubhekisela.

• Njengamanje, imodeli yokutshala yangaphakathi ishisa kakhulu eShayina. Le modeli inezici eziningana:

①Indima yezibani ze-LED ukuhlinzeka ngezinhlobo eziphelele zokukhanya kwezitshalo, futhi uhlelo lokukhanyisa luyadingeka ukuze luhlinzeke ngawo wonke amandla okukhanyisa, futhi izindleko zokukhiqiza ziphakeme kakhulu;
②Umklamo wezibani zokukhulisa ze-LED udinga ukucabangela ukuqhubeka nobuqotho be-spectrum;
③Kuyadingeka ukulawula ngempumelelo isikhathi sokukhanyisa kanye nokuqina kokukhanya, njengokuvumela izitshalo ziphumule amahora ambalwa, ukuqina kwemisebe akwanele noma kunamandla kakhulu, njll.;
④Yonke inqubo idinga ukulingisa izimo ezidingekayo endaweni yokukhula efanele yezitshalo ngaphandle, njengomswakama, izinga lokushisa kanye nokugcwala kwe-CO2.

• Indlela yokutshala ngaphandle enesisekelo esihle sokutshala esingaphandle se-greenhouse. Izici zalolu hlobo yilezi:

①Indima yezibani ze-LED ukwengeza ukukhanya. Enye iwukukhulisa amandla okukhanya ezindaweni eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nezibomvu ngaphansi kokukhanya kwelanga emini ukukhuthaza i-photosynthesis yezitshalo, kanti enye iwukubuyisela lapho kungekho ukukhanya kwelanga ebusuku ukukhuthaza izinga lokukhula kwezitshalo.
②Ukukhanya okwengeziwe kudinga ukucabangela ukuthi isitshalo sikusiphi isigaba sokukhula, njengesikhathi sokutshala noma isikhathi sokuqhakaza nokuthela izithelo.

Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka kwezibani zokukhulisa izitshalo ze-LED kufanele kuqala kube nezindlela ezimbili eziyisisekelo zokuklama, okungukuthi, ukukhanya kwamahora angama-24 (ngaphakathi) kanye nokukhanya kwesengezo sokukhula kwezitshalo (ngaphandle). Ekutshalweni kwezitshalo zangaphakathi, ukwakheka kwezibani zokukhulisa izitshalo ze-LED kudinga ukucabangela izici ezintathu, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 4. Akunakwenzeka ukupakisha ama-chip ngemibala emithathu eyinhloko ngesilinganiso esithile.

Umfanekiso 4, Umqondo wokuklama wokusebenzisa izibani ze-LED zezitshalo zangaphakathi zokukhanyisa amahora angama-24

Isibonelo, nge-spectrum esesigabeni se-nursery, uma ucabanga ukuthi idinga ukuqinisa ukukhula kwezimpande neziqu, iqinise amagatsha amaqabunga, futhi umthombo wokukhanya usetshenziswa ngaphakathi, i-spectrum ingaklanywa njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 5.

Umfanekiso 5, Izakhiwo ze-Spectral ezifanelekela isikhathi se-LED sangaphakathi sokukhulisa izingane

Ngomklamo wohlobo lwesibili lokukhanya kwe-LED, kuhloswe kakhulu ekuklanyweni kokukhanya okungeziwe ukuze kukhuthazwe ukutshalwa phansi kwendlu eluhlaza yangaphandle. Umqondo womklamo uboniswe kuMfanekiso 6.

Umfanekiso 6, Imibono yokuklama izibani zokukhulisa zangaphandle 

Umbhali uphakamisa ukuthi izinkampani eziningi zokutshala zisebenzise inketho yesibili yokusebenzisa izibani ze-LED ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwezitshalo.

Okokuqala, ukulima kwe-greenhouse yangaphandle eShayina kuneminyaka eminingi kakhulu futhi kunesipiliyoni esibanzi, kokubili eningizimu nasenyakatho. Inesisekelo esihle sobuchwepheshe bokulima kwe-greenhouse futhi inikeza inani elikhulu lezithelo nemifino emisha emakethe yamadolobha azungezile. Ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wokutshala inhlabathi namanzi nomanyolo, kuye kwenziwa imiphumela yocwaningo ecebile.

Okwesibili, lolu hlobo lwesisombululo sokukhanya esengeziwe lunganciphisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okungadingekile, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo lungakhuphula ngempumelelo isivuno sezithelo nemifino. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indawo enkulu yaseShayina ilula kakhulu ukukhushulwa.

Njengocwaningo lwesayensi lokukhanyisa izitshalo ze-LED, luphinde lunikeze isisekelo esibanzi sokuhlola. I-Fig. 7 uhlobo lokukhanya kwe-LED okukhula oluthuthukiswe yileli thimba locwaningo, olufanele ukutshalwa ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo, futhi ububanzi balo buboniswe ku-Fig. 8.

Umfanekiso 7, Uhlobo lokukhanya kwe-LED

Umfanekiso 8, uhlobo lokukhanya kwe-LED grow

Ngokusho kwemibono yokuklama engenhla, ithimba locwaningo lenze uchungechunge lwezivivinyo, futhi imiphumela yokuhlola ibaluleke kakhulu. Isibonelo, ekukhanyeni okukhulayo ngesikhathi sokukhulisa izitshalo, isibani sokuqala esisetshenzisiwe isibani se-fluorescent esinamandla angu-32 W kanye nomjikelezo we-nursery wezinsuku ezingu-40. Sinikeza ukukhanya kwe-LED okungu-12 W, okufinyeza umjikelezo wezithombo ube yizinsuku ezingu-30, kunciphisa ngempumelelo ithonya lokushisa kwezibani endaweni yokusebenzela izithombo, futhi konga ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwe-air conditioner. Ubukhulu, ubude nombala wezithombo kungcono kunesisombululo sokuqala sokukhulisa izithombo. Ezithonjeni zemifino evamile, kutholakale neziphetho ezinhle zokuqinisekisa, ezifingqiwe kuthebula elilandelayo.

Phakathi kwazo, iqembu lokukhanya elingeziwe le-PPFD: 70-80 μmol·m-2·s-1, kanye nesilinganiso sobomvu-oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: 0.6-0.7. Ububanzi benani le-PPFD lasemini leqembu lemvelo babungu-40~800 μmol·m-2·s-1, kanti isilinganiso sobomvu noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka sasingu-0.6~1.2. Kungabonakala ukuthi izinkomba ezingenhla zingcono kunezezithombo ezikhule ngokwemvelo.

Isiphetho

Lesi sihloko sethula intuthuko yakamuva ekusetshenzisweni kwezibani zokukhulisa ze-LED ekutshalweni kwezitshalo, futhi siveza ukungaqondi kahle ekusetshenzisweni kwezibani zokukhulisa ze-LED ekutshalweni kwezitshalo. Okokugcina, imibono yobuchwepheshe kanye nezinhlelo zokuthuthukiswa kwezibani zokukhulisa ze-LED ezisetshenziselwa ukutshalwa kwezitshalo zethulwa. Kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi kunezici ezithile okudingeka zicatshangelwe ekufakweni nasekusetshenzisweni kokukhanya, njengebanga phakathi kokukhanya nesitshalo, ububanzi bokukhanya kwesibani, kanye nendlela yokusebenzisa ukukhanya ngamanzi ajwayelekile, umanyolo, kanye nenhlabathi.

Umbhali: Yi Wang et al. Umthombo: CNKI