Ubuchwepheshe bobunjiniyela bezolimo bezitshalo ezishisayoKushicilelwe ngo-17:30 ngo-Okthoba 14, 2022 eBeijing

Njengoba inani labantu emhlabeni wonke likhula njalo, isidingo sabantu sokudla siyakhula usuku nosuku, futhi kubekwa phambili izidingo eziphakeme zokudla okunomsoco nokuphepha. Ukutshala izitshalo ezithela kakhulu nezisezingeni eliphezulu kuyindlela ebalulekile yokuxazulula izinkinga zokudla. Kodwa-ke, indlela yokuzalanisa yendabuko ithatha isikhathi eside ukutshala izinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu, okunciphisa inqubekela phambili yokuzalela. Ezitshalweni ezizithelayo zonyaka, kungathatha iminyaka eyi-10-15 kusukela ekuhlanganiseni kokuqala komzali kuya ekukhiqizweni kohlobo olusha. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kusheshiswe inqubekela phambili yokuzalela izitshalo, kuyaphuthuma ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuzalela nokunciphisa isikhathi sokuzalela.

Ukuzalanisa okusheshayo kusho ukwandisa izinga lokukhula kwezitshalo, ukusheshisa ukuqhakaza nokuthela izithelo, kanye nokunciphisa umjikelezo wokuzalanisa ngokulawula izimo zemvelo egumbini lokukhula lemvelo elilawulwa ngokuphelele. Ifektri yezitshalo uhlelo lwezolimo olungafinyelela ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo okuphumelelayo kakhulu ngokulawulwa kwemvelo okunembile ezindaweni, futhi luyindawo ekahle yokuzalanisa ngokushesha. Izimo zemvelo zokutshala ezifana nokukhanya, izinga lokushisa, umswakama kanye nokuhlushwa kwe-CO2 efektri ziyalawuleka, futhi azithintwa kakhulu yisimo sezulu sangaphandle. Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo ezilawulwayo, ukukhanya okungcono kakhulu, isikhathi sokukhanya kanye nokushisa kungasheshisa izinqubo ezahlukahlukene zomzimba zezitshalo, ikakhulukazi i-photosynthesis kanye nokuqhakaza, ngaleyo ndlela kufinyeze isikhathi sokukhula kwezitshalo. Ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe befektri yezitshalo ukulawula ukukhula kwezitshalo kanye nentuthuko, ukuvuna izithelo kusenesikhathi, inqobo nje uma imbewu embalwa enekhono lokuhluma ingahlangabezana nezidingo zokuzalanisa.

I-Photoperiod, isici esiyinhloko semvelo esithinta umjikelezo wokukhula kwezitshalo

Umjikelezo wokukhanya ubhekisela ekushintsheni kwesikhathi sokukhanya nesikhathi sobumnyama ngosuku. Umjikelezo wokukhanya uyisici esibalulekile esithinta ukukhula, ukuthuthuka, ukuqhakaza kanye nokuthela kwezitshalo. Ngokubona ushintsho lomjikelezo wokukhanya, izitshalo zingashintsha kusukela ekukhuleni kwezitshalo ziye ekukhuleni kokuzala kanye nokuqhakaza okuphelele kanye nokuthela izithelo. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo kanye nezinhlobo zezakhi zofuzo zinezimpendulo ezahlukene zomzimba ezinguqukweni zesikhathi sokukhanya. Izitshalo ezikhanya ilanga isikhathi eside, uma isikhathi sokukhanya kwelanga sidlula ubude bokukhanya kwelanga obubalulekile, isikhathi sokuqhakaza sivame ukusheshiswa ukwanda kwesikhathi sokukhanya, njenge-oats, ukolweni nebhali. Izitshalo ezingathathi hlangothi, kungakhathaliseki isikhathi sokukhanya, zizoqhakaza, njengelayisi, ummbila kanye nekhukhamba. Izitshalo zezinsuku ezimfushane, njengekotini, isoya kanye ne-millet, zidinga isikhathi sokukhanya esingaphansi kobude bokukhanya kwelanga obubalulekile ukuze ziqhakaze. Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo zokwenziwa zokukhanya kwamahora angu-8 kanye nokushisa okuphezulu okungu-30℃, isikhathi sokuqhakaza kwe-amaranth singaphezu kwezinsuku ezingu-40 ngaphambi kwaleso endaweni yasensimini. Ngaphansi kokwelashwa komjikelezo wokukhanya wamahora angu-16/8 (okukhanya/omnyama), zonke izinhlobo zebhali eziyisikhombisa zaqhakaza kusenesikhathi: uFranklin (izinsuku ezingu-36), uGairdner (izinsuku ezingu-35), uGimmett (izinsuku ezingu-33), uMkhuzi (izinsuku ezingu-30), iFleet (izinsuku ezingu-29), uBaudin (izinsuku ezingu-26) kanye noLockyer (izinsuku ezingu-25).

Ngaphansi kwendawo yokwenziwa, isikhathi sokukhula kukakolweni singafinyezwa ngokusebenzisa ukukhuliswa kwe-embryo ukuthola izithombo, bese kuhlanzwa amahora angu-16, futhi izizukulwane ezingu-8 zingakhiqizwa njalo ngonyaka. Isikhathi sokukhula kukabhontshisi sifinyezwe kusukela ezinsukwini ezingu-143 endaweni yasensimini kuya ezinsukwini ezingu-67 endaweni yokwenziwa eluhlaza enokukhanya kwamahora angu-16. Ngokuqhubeka nokwandisa isikhathi sokukhanya sibe amahora angu-20 bese sihlanganiswa no-21°C/16°C (emini/ebusuku), isikhathi sokukhula kukabhontshisi singafinyezwa sibe izinsuku ezingu-68, kanti izinga lokubeka imbewu lingu-97.8%. Ngaphansi kwesimo sendawo elawulwayo, ngemva kokwelashwa kwesikhathi sokukhanya kwamahora angu-20, kuthatha izinsuku ezingu-32 kusukela ekuhlwanyeleni kuya ekuqhakazeni, kanti isikhathi sokukhula sonke siyizinsuku ezingu-62-71, okufushane kunaleso esisensimini ngezinsuku ezingaphezu kuka-30. Ngaphansi kwesimo se-greenhouse yokwenziwa enesikhathi sokukhanya samahora angu-22, isikhathi sokuqhakaza kukakolweni, ibhali, i-rape kanye ne-chickpea sifinyezwa ngezinsuku ezingu-22, 64, 73 kanye no-33 ngokwesilinganiso, ngokulandelana. Uma kuhlanganiswa nokuvunwa kwembewu kwasekuqaleni, amazinga okuhluma kwembewu yokuvuna kwasekuqaleni angafinyelela ku-92%, 98%, 89% kanye no-94% ngokwesilinganiso, ngokulandelana, okungahlangabezana ngokugcwele nezidingo zokuzalanisa. Izinhlobo ezisheshayo zingakhiqiza izizukulwane ezi-6 (ukolweni) kanye nezizukulwane ezi-7 (ukolweni). Ngaphansi kwesimo sesikhathi sokukhanya samahora angama-22, isikhathi sokuqhakaza kwe-oats sancishiswa ngezinsuku eziyi-11, kanti ezinsukwini ezingama-21 ngemva kokuqhakaza, okungenani imbewu ezi-5 ezisebenzayo zingaqinisekiswa, kanti izizukulwane ezinhlanu zingasakazwa njalo ngonyaka. Endlini yokushisa yokwenziwa enokukhanya kwamahora angama-22, isikhathi sokukhula kwe-lentile sifinyezwa sibe yizinsuku eziyi-115, futhi zingazalana izizukulwane ezi-3-4 ngonyaka. Ngaphansi kwesimo sokukhanya okuqhubekayo kwamahora angama-24 kundlini yokushisa yokwenziwa, umjikelezo wokukhula kwe-peanut uncishiswa kusukela ezinsukwini eziyi-145 kuya ezinsukwini ezingama-89, futhi ungasakazwa izizukulwane ezi-4 ngonyaka owodwa.

Ikhwalithi yokukhanya

Ukukhanya kudlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezitshalo. Ukukhanya kungalawula ukuqhakaza kwezimbali ngokuthinta ama-photoreceptor amaningi. Isilinganiso sokukhanya okubomvu (R) nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (B) sibaluleke kakhulu ekuqhakazeni kwezitshalo. Ububanzi bokukhanya okubomvu obungu-600 ~ 700nm buqukethe inani eliphakeme lokumuncwa kwe-chlorophyll elingu-660nm, elingakhuthaza ngempumelelo i-photosynthesis. Ububanzi bokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka obungu-400 ~ 500nm buzothinta i-phototropism yezitshalo, ukuvulwa kwesisu kanye nokukhula kwezithombo. Kukolweni, isilinganiso sokukhanya okubomvu nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka cishe singu-1, okungadala ukuqhakaza kwezimbali ngokushesha. Ngaphansi kwekhwalithi yokukhanya engu-R:B=4:1, isikhathi sokukhula kwezinhlobo zesoya eziphakathi nesikhathi sokuvuthwa safinyezwa kusukela ezinsukwini ezingu-120 kuya ezinsukwini ezingu-63, kanti ukuphakama kwesitshalo kanye ne-biomass yokudla okunempilo kwancishiswa, kodwa isivuno sembewu asizange sithinteke, okwakunganelisa okungenani imbewu eyodwa ngesitshalo ngasinye, futhi izinga lokuhluma elimaphakathi lembewu engakavuthwa lalingu-81.7%. Ngaphansi kwesimo sokukhanya kwamahora ayi-10 kanye nokwengezwa kokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, izitshalo zikabhontshisi zaba zimfushane futhi zaqina, zaqhakaza izinsuku ezingama-23 ngemva kokuhlwanyela, zavuthwa zingakapheli izinsuku ezingama-77, futhi zakwazi ukuzala izizukulwane ezi-5 ngonyaka owodwa.

Isilinganiso sokukhanya okubomvu nokukhanya okubomvu okude (FR) sithinta nokuqhakaza kwezitshalo. Ama-pigment azwela ukukhanya akhona ngezindlela ezimbili: ukumuncwa kokukhanya okubomvu okude (Pfr) kanye nokumuncwa kokukhanya okubomvu (Pr). Ngesilinganiso esiphansi se-R:FR, ama-pigment azwela ukukhanya aguqulwa kusuka ku-Pfr abe yi-Pr, okuholela ekuqhakazeni kwezitshalo zosuku olude. Ukusebenzisa izibani ze-LED ukulawula i-R:FR(0.66~1.07) efanele kungandisa ukuphakama kwesitshalo, kukhuthaze ukuqhakaza kwezitshalo zosuku olude (njenge-morning glory kanye ne-snapdragon), futhi kuvimbele ukuqhakaza kwezitshalo zosuku olufushane (njenge-marigold). Uma i-R:FR inkulu kune-3.1, isikhathi sokuqhakaza kwamalentili siyabambezeleka. Ukunciphisa i-R:FR ibe yi-1.9 kungathola umphumela omuhle kakhulu wokuqhakaza, futhi kungaqhakaza ngosuku lwama-31 ngemuva kokuhlwanyela. Umphumela wokukhanya okubomvu ekuvinjelweni kokuqhakaza uqondiswa yi-pigment ezwela ukukhanya i-Pr. Izifundo ziveze ukuthi uma i-R:FR ingaphezulu kuka-3.5, isikhathi sokuqhakaza kwezitshalo ezinhlanu zemidumba (uphizi, uphizi, ubhontshisi obanzi, i-lentil kanye ne-lupin) sizobambezeleka. Kwezinye izinhlobo ze-genotypes ze-amaranth nelayisi, ukukhanya okubomvu kakhulu kusetshenziswa ukuqhubekisela phambili ukuqhakaza kwezimbali ngezinsuku eziyi-10 kanye nezinsuku ezingama-20 ngokulandelana.

Umanyolo we-CO₂

CO₂ungumthombo oyinhloko wekhabhoni we-photosynthesis. Ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kwe-CO2₂ngokuvamile kungakhuthaza ukukhula nokukhiqizwa kabusha kwezitshalo zonyaka ze-C3, kuyilapho ukuhlushwa kwe-CO okuphansi₂kunganciphisa ukukhula nokukhiqiza kabusha ngenxa yomkhawulo wekhabhoni. Isibonelo, ukusebenza kahle kwe-photosynthesis kwezitshalo ze-C3, njengelayisi nokolweni, kuyanda ngokwanda kwe-CO2₂izinga, okuholela ekwandeni kwe-biomass kanye nokuqhakaza kwezimbali kwasekuqaleni. Ukuze kubonakale umthelela omuhle we-CO2₂Uma ukuhlushwa kwanda, kungadingeka ukwenza ngcono ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi nezakhamzimba. Ngakho-ke, ngaphansi kwesimo sokutshalwa kwezimali okungenamkhawulo, ama-hydroponics angakhulula ngokugcwele amandla okukhula kwezitshalo. I-CO ephansi₂ukuhlushwa kwabambezela isikhathi sokuqhakaza kwe-Arabidopsis thaliana, kuyilapho i-CO2 ephezulu₂Ukuhlushwa kwasheshisa isikhathi sokuqhakaza kwelayisi, kwafinyeza isikhathi sokukhula kwelayisi saba yizinyanga ezi-3, futhi kwasakazeka izizukulwane ezi-4 ngonyaka. Ngokunezela i-CO2₂kuya ku-785.7μmol/mol ebhokisini lokukhula okwenziwe, umjikelezo wokuzalanisa wezinhlobo zesoya i-'Enrei' wafinyezwa waba yizinsuku ezingu-70, futhi wawungazala izizukulwane ezi-5 ngonyaka owodwa. Lapho i-CO2₂Ukuhlushwa kwanda kwafika ku-550μmol/mol, ukuqhakaza kwe-Cajanus cajan kwabambezeleka izinsuku ezingu-8~9, kanti isikhathi sokulungiselela isithelo kanye nesikhathi sokuvuthwa naso sabambezeleka izinsuku ezingu-9. I-Cajanus cajan yaqoqa ushukela ongancibiliki ku-CO2 ephezulu.₂ukuhlushwa, okungathinta ukudluliswa kwesignali kwezitshalo futhi kulibazise ukuqhakaza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, egumbini lokukhula eline-CO2 ekhuphukile₂, inani kanye nekhwalithi yezimbali zesoya kuyanda, okusiza ekuhlanganiseni, futhi izinga lazo lokuhlanganisa liphakeme kakhulu kunelazo zesoya ezitshalwe ensimini.

Amathemba esikhathi esizayo

Ezolimo zanamuhla zingasheshisa inqubo yokuzalanisa izitshalo ngokusebenzisa ezinye izindlela zokuzalanisa kanye nokuzalanisa izakhiwo. Kodwa-ke, kunezinkinga ezithile kulezi zindlela, njengezidingo eziqinile zendawo, ukuphathwa kwezisebenzi okubizayo kanye nezimo zemvelo ezingazinzile, ezingenakuqinisekisa ukuvunwa kwembewu okuphumelelayo. Ukuzalanisa izakhiwo kuthonywa izimo zezulu, futhi isikhathi sokwengeza isizukulwane sinqunyelwe. Kodwa-ke, ukuzalanisa amamaki e-molecular kusheshisa kuphela ukukhethwa nokunqunywa kwezimpawu eziqondiwe zokuzalanisa. Njengamanje, ubuchwepheshe bokuzalanisa okusheshayo busetshenziswe ku-Gramineae, Leguminosae, Cruciferae kanye nezinye izitshalo. Kodwa-ke, ukuzalanisa okusheshayo kwefektri yezitshalo kususa ngokuphelele ithonya lezimo zezulu, futhi kungalawula indawo yokukhula ngokwezidingo zokukhula kwezitshalo kanye nentuthuko. Ukuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe bokuzalanisa okusheshayo kwefektri yezitshalo nokuzalanisa kwendabuko, ukuzalanisa amamaki e-molecular kanye nezinye izindlela zokuzalanisa ngempumelelo, ngaphansi kwesimo sokuzalanisa okusheshayo, isikhathi esidingekayo ukuthola imigqa ye-homozygous ngemuva kokuhlanganiswa singancishiswa, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, izizukulwane zokuqala zingakhethwa ukuze zifinyeze isikhathi esidingekayo ukuze kutholakale izici ezifanele kanye nezizukulwane zokuzalanisa.

Umkhawulo oyinhloko wobuchwepheshe bokuzalanisa izitshalo ngokushesha emafektri ukuthi izimo zemvelo ezidingekayo ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezitshalo ezahlukene zihlukile kakhulu, futhi kuthatha isikhathi eside ukuthola izimo zemvelo zokuzalanisa izitshalo eziqondiwe ngokushesha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngenxa yezindleko eziphezulu zokwakha nokusebenza kwefektri yezitshalo, kunzima ukwenza ukuhlolwa kokuzalanisa okukhulu, okuvame ukuholela ekuvuneni kwembewu okulinganiselwe, okungase kunciphise ukuhlolwa kwesimo sensimu yokulandelela. Ngokuthuthuka kancane kancane nokuthuthukiswa kwemishini nobuchwepheshe befektri yezitshalo, izindleko zokwakha nokusebenza kwefektri yezitshalo ziyancipha kancane kancane. Kungenzeka ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bokuzalanisa okusheshayo nokunciphisa umjikelezo wokuzalanisa ngokuhlanganisa ngempumelelo ubuchwepheshe bokuzalanisa okusheshayo befektri yezitshalo namanye amasu okuzalanisa.

ISIPHETHO

Ulwazi olucashuniwe

ULiu Kaizhe, uLiu Houcheng. Inqubekela phambili yocwaningo lobuchwepheshe bokuzalanisa okusheshayo efektri yezitshalo [J]. Ubuchwepheshe Bobunjiniyela Bezolimo, 2022,42(22):46-49.