Ubuchwepheshe bobunjiniyela bezolimo be-Greenhouse horticulturalIshicilelwe ngo-17:30 ngo-Okthoba 14, 2022 e-Beijing

Ngokukhula okuqhubekayo kwenani labantu emhlabeni wonke, isidingo sabantu sokudla sikhula usuku nosuku, futhi kubekwa izidingo eziphakeme zokudla okunomsoco nokuphepha.Ukuhlakulela izivuno eziphezulu nezisezingeni eliphezulu kuyindlela ebalulekile yokuxazulula izinkinga zokudla.Kodwa-ke, indlela yokuzalanisa yendabuko ithatha isikhathi eside ukutshala izinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu, ezikhawulela inqubekelaphambili yokuzalanisa.Ezitshalweni ezizithutha impova ngonyaka, kungathatha iminyaka eyi-10 ~ 15 ukusuka ekuweleni komzali kokuqala ekukhiqizeni uhlobo olusha.Ngakho-ke, ukuze kusheshiswe inqubekelaphambili yokuzalanisa izitshalo, kuyaphuthuma ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuzalanisa nokunciphisa isikhathi sokukhiqiza.

Ukuzalanisa ngokushesha kusho ukukhulisa izinga lokukhula kwezitshalo, ukusheshisa ukuqhakaza nokuthela izithelo, kanye nokunciphisa umjikelezo wokuzalanisa ngokulawula izimo zemvelo endaweni evalekile elawulwa ngokugcwele yokukhula kwemvelo.Ifekthri yezitshalo iwuhlelo lwezolimo olungazuza ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo okunobushelelezi ngokulawulwa kwemvelo okunembayo okuphezulu ezindaweni, futhi iyindawo ekahle yokuzalanisa ngokushesha.Izimo zemvelo zokutshala ezifana nokukhanya, izinga lokushisa, umswakama kanye nokugxila kwe-CO2 efektri kuyalawuleka, futhi akuthintwa noma ngaphansi kwesimo sezulu sangaphandle.Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo ezilawulwayo, amandla okukhanya angcono kakhulu, isikhathi sokukhanya kanye nezinga lokushisa kungasheshisa izinqubo ezihlukahlukene zomzimba zezitshalo, ikakhulukazi i-photosynthesis nokuqhakaza, ngaleyo ndlela kufinyeze isikhathi sesizukulwane sokukhula kwezitshalo.Ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bemboni yezitshalo ukulawula ukukhula nokuthuthuka kwezitshalo, ukuvuna izithelo kusenesikhathi, inqobo nje uma imbewu embalwa enekhono lokuhluma ingahlangabezana nezidingo zokuzalanisa.

I-Photoperiod, isici esiyinhloko sezemvelo esithinta umjikelezo wokukhula kwezitshalo

Umjikelezo wokukhanya ubhekisela ekushintsheni kwesikhathi sokukhanya nesikhathi esimnyama ngosuku.Umjikelezo wokukhanya uyisici esibalulekile esithinta ukukhula, ukukhula, ukuqhakaza kanye nokuthela kwezitshalo.Ngokuzwa ukuguquka komjikelezo wokukhanya, izitshalo zingashintsha kusukela ekukhuleni kwezitshalo ziye ekukhuleni kokuzala kanye nokuqhakaza okuphelele nokuthela.Izinhlobo ezihlukene zezitshalo kanye ne-genotypes zinezimpendulo ezihlukene zomzimba ezinguqukweni ze-photoperiod.Izitshalo zokukhanya kwelanga isikhathi eside, uma isikhathi sokukhanya kwelanga sidlula ubude bokukhanya kwelanga okubalulekile, isikhathi sokuqhakaza ngokuvamile sisheshiswa ukwelulwa kwe-photoperiod, njengama-oats, ukolweni nebhali.Izitshalo ezingathathi hlangothi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-photoperiod, zizoqhakaza, njengelayisi, ummbila kanye nekhukhamba.Izitshalo zezinsuku ezimfushane, ezifana ukotini, ubhontshisi wesoya namabele, zidinga isikhathi esingaphansi kobude bokukhanya kwelanga ukuze ziqhakaze.Ngaphansi kwezimo zokwenziwa zemvelo zokukhanya okungu-8h kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphakeme elingu-30℃, isikhathi sokuqhakaza kwe-amaranth singaphezu kwezinsuku ezingama-40 ngaphambi kwalokho endaweni yasensimini.Ngaphansi kokwelashwa komjikelezo wokukhanya wamahora angu-16/8 (ukukhanya/okumnyama), zonke izinhlobo zebhali eziyisikhombisa zaqhakaza ngaphambi kwesikhathi: uFranklin (izinsuku ezingu-36), u-Gairdner (izinsuku ezingu-35), u-Gimmett (izinsuku ezingu-33), u-Commander (izinsuku ezingu-30), u-Fleet (29) izinsuku), i-Baudin (izinsuku ezingama-26) kanye ne-Lockyer (izinsuku ezingama-25).

Ngaphansi kwemvelo yokwenziwa, isikhathi sokukhula kukakolweni singafinyezwa ngokusebenzisa isiko le-embryo ukuthola izithombo, bese u-irradiation amahora angu-16, futhi izizukulwane eziyi-8 zingakhiqizwa njalo ngonyaka.Isikhathi sokukhula kwephizi sifinyezwe sisuka ezinsukwini eziyi-143 endaweni yasensimini saya ezinsukwini ezingama-67 endaweni ebamba ukushisa yokwenziwa enokukhanya okungu-16h.Ngokuqhubeka nokwelula isikhathi sokuthwebula sibe ngamahora angama-20 bese usihlanganisa no-21°C/16°C(imini/ubusuku), isikhathi sokukhula kwephizi singafinyezwa sibe yizinsuku ezingama-68, futhi izinga lokumisa imbewu lingama-97.8%.Ngaphansi kwesimo sendawo elawulwayo, ngemuva kwamahora angama-20 ukwelashwa kwe-photoperiod, kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-32 ukusuka ekuhlwanyeleni kuya ekuqhakazeni, futhi sonke isikhathi sokukhula siyizinsuku ezingama-62-71, esifushane kunaleso esimeni sensimu ngezinsuku ezingaphezu kwama-30.Ngaphansi kwesimo se-greenhouse yokufakelwa ene-photoperiod engama-22, isikhathi sokuqhakaza sikakolweni, ibhali, ukudlwengula kanye ne-chickpea sifinyezwa ngezinsuku ezingama-22, 64, 73 kanye ne-33 ngokwesilinganiso, ngokulandelana.Kuhlanganiswe nesivuno sokuqala sembewu, amazinga okuhluma kwembewu yokuvuna ekuqaleni angafinyelela ku-92%, 98%, 89% kanye nama-94% ngokwesilinganiso, ngokulandelana, okungakwazi ukuhlangabezana ngokugcwele nezidingo zokuzalanisa.Izinhlobo ezisheshayo zingakhiqiza ngokuqhubekayo izizukulwane eziyisi-6 (ukolweni) nezizukulwane eziyi-7 (ukolweni).Ngaphansi kwesimo se-photoperiod yamahora angama-22, isikhathi sokuqhakaza kwe-oats sancishiswa ngezinsuku eziyi-11, futhi ezinsukwini ezingama-21 ngemuva kokuqhakaza, okungenani imbewu esebenzayo engu-5 ingaqinisekiswa, futhi izizukulwane ezinhlanu zingasakazwa njalo ngonyaka.Ku-greenhouse yokufakelwa enokukhanya kwamahora angama-22, isikhathi sokukhula se-lentile sifinyezwa sibe yizinsuku eziyi-115, futhi singazalana izizukulwane ezi-3-4 ngonyaka.Ngaphansi kwesimo sokukhanya okuqhubekayo kwamahora angu-24 ku-greenhouse yokufakelwa, umjikelezo wokukhula we-peanut uyancishiswa kusukela ezinsukwini ezingu-145 kuya ezinsukwini ezingu-89, futhi ungasakazwa izizukulwane ezi-4 ngonyaka owodwa.

Ikhwalithi yokukhanya

Ukukhanya kunendima ebalulekile ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukeni kwezitshalo.Ukukhanya kungalawula ukuqhakaza ngokuthinta ama-photoreceptors amaningi.Isilinganiso sokukhanya okubomvu (R) kuya ekukhanyeni okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (B) sibaluleke kakhulu ekuqhakazeni kwezitshalo.Ubude beza beza bokukhanya obubomvu obungu-600~700nm buqukethe ukuphakama kokumuncwa kwe-chlorophyll engu-660nm, engakhuthaza ngempumelelo i-photosynthesis.Ubude begagasi bokukhanya obuluhlaza obungu-400~500nm buzothinta i-phototropism yezitshalo, ukuvulwa kwesisu nokukhula kwezithombo.Kukolweni, isilinganiso sokukhanya okubomvu nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka sicishe sibe ngu-1, esingakha izimbali ngokushesha nje.Ngaphansi kwekhwalithi yokukhanya engu-R:B=4:1, isikhathi sokukhula kwezinhlobo zikabhontshisi wesoya osemkhatsini nasekupheleni safinyezwa kusukela ezinsukwini eziyi-120 kuya ezinsukwini ezingama-63, futhi ukuphakama kwesitshalo kanye ne-biomass yokudla okunomsoco kuye kwancishiswa, kodwa isivuno asizange sithinteke. , enganelisa okungenani imbewu eyodwa ngesitshalo ngasinye, futhi isilinganiso sokuhluma kwezimbewu ezingakavuthwa sasingu-81.7%.Ngaphansi kwesimo sokukhanya kwamahora angu-10 kanye nesengezo sokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, izitshalo zikabhontshisi wesoya zaba mfishane futhi zaqina, zaqhakaza izinsuku ezingu-23 ngemva kokuhlwanyela, zivuthwe phakathi kwezinsuku ezingu-77, futhi zingazalanisa izizukulwane ezi-5 ngonyaka owodwa.

Isilinganiso sokukhanya okubomvu kuya ekukhanyeni okubomvu (FR) nakho kuthinta ukuqhakaza kwezitshalo.Ama-photosensitive pigments akhona ngezindlela ezimbili: ukumuncwa ukukhanya okubomvu (Pfr) kanye nokumunca ukukhanya okubomvu (Pr).Ngesilinganiso esiphansi se-R:FR, izingulube ze-photosensitive ziguqulwa zisuka ku-Pfr ziye ku-Pr, okuholela ekuqhakazeni kwezitshalo zosuku olude.Ukusebenzisa izibani ze-LED ukuze ulawule i-R:FR(0.66~1.07) efanele kungakhuphula ukuphakama kwesitshalo, kukhuthaze ukuqhakaza kwezitshalo zosuku olude (njenge-morning glory ne-snapdragon), futhi kuvimbele ukuqhakaza kwezitshalo zosuku olufushane (njenge-marigold ).Uma i-R:FR ingaphezu kuka-3.1, isikhathi sokuqhakaza kwamalentile siyabambezeleka.Ukunciphisa u-R:FR ukuya ku-1.9 kungathola umphumela omuhle kakhulu wokuqhakaza, futhi kungaqhakaza ngosuku lwama-31 ngemva kokuhlwanyela.Umthelela wokukhanya okubomvu ekuvimbeleni ukuqhakaza uqondiswa yi-photosensitive pigment Pr.Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi uma i-R:FR ingaphezu kuka-3.5, isikhathi sokuqhakaza kwezitshalo ezinhlanu zemifino (uphizi, uphizi, ubhontshisi obanzi, udali kanye nelupin) sizobambezeleka.Kwezinye izinhlobo ze-amaranth nerayisi, ukukhanya okubomvu kusetshenziswa ukuqhubekisela phambili ukuqhakaza ngezinsuku eziyi-10 nezinsuku ezingama-20 ngokulandelana.

Inkampani Fertilizer CO₂

CO₂iwumthombo oyinhloko wekhabhoni we-photosynthesis.Inani eliphakeme kakhulu lama-CO₂ngokuvamile ingakhuthaza ukukhula nokukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-C3 yonyaka, kuyilapho ukuhlushwa okuphansi kwe-CO₂ingase yehlise ukukhula kanye nesivuno sokukhiqiza kabusha ngenxa yomkhawulo wekhabhoni.Isibonelo, ukusebenza kahle kwe-photosynthetic kwezitshalo ze-C3, njengerayisi nokolweni, kuyanda ngokwanda kwe-CO.₂izinga, okuholela ekwandeni kwe-biomass kanye nokuqhakaza kwezimbali ekuqaleni.Ukuze uthole umthelela omuhle we-CO₂ukwanda kokuhlushwa, kungase kudingeke ukwandisa ukutholakala kwamanzi nezakhi.Ngakho-ke, ngaphansi kwesimo sokutshalwa kwezimali okungenamkhawulo, i-hydroponics ingakhulula ngokugcwele amandla okukhula kwezitshalo.I-CO₂ukugxila kubambezele isikhathi sokuqhakaza kwe-Arabidopsis thaliana, kuyilapho i-CO ephezulu₂ukuhlushwa kwasheshisa isikhathi sokuqhakaza kwerayisi, kwanciphisa isikhathi sokukhula kwerayisi kwaba yizinyanga ezi-3, futhi kwasakaza izizukulwane ezi-4 ngonyaka.Ngokufaka i-CO₂kuya ku-785.7μmol/mol ebhokisini lokukhula lokwenziwa, umjikelezo wokuzalanisa ubhontshisi wesoya 'Enrei' wafushaniswa waba yizinsuku ezingama-70, futhi ungazalanisa izizukulwane ezi-5 ngonyaka owodwa.Lapho i-CO₂ukugxila kukhuphuke kwafinyelela ku-550μmol/mol, ukuqhakaza kweCajanus cajan kwabambezeleka izinsuku eziyi-8 ~ 9, futhi ukumiswa kwesithelo nesikhathi sokuvuthwa nakho kwabambezeleka izinsuku eziyi-9.I-Cajanus cajan iqoqe ushukela ongancibiliki ku-CO ephezulu₂ukuhlushwa, okungase kuthinte ukudluliswa kwesignali kwezitshalo nokubambezeleka kwezimbali.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekamelweni lokukhula nge-CO eyengeziwe₂, inani nezinga lezimbali zesoya liyakhula, okwenza kube yingxubevange, futhi izinga lokuxutshwa kwawo liphakeme kakhulu kunalelo likabhontshisi wesoya otshalwa ensimini.

Amathemba esikhathi esizayo

Ukulima kwesimanje kungasheshisa inqubo yokuzalanisa izitshalo ngezinye izindlela zokuzalanisa nokuzalanisa.Kodwa-ke, kukhona ukushiyeka kulezi zindlela, njengezidingo eziqinile zendawo, ukuphathwa kwabasebenzi okumba eqolo kanye nezimo zemvelo ezingazinzile, ezingeke ziqinisekise ukuvunwa kwembewu ngempumelelo.Ukuzalanisa endaweni kuthonywa izimo zezulu, futhi isikhathi sokwengeza isizukulwane sinqunyelwe.Kodwa-ke, ukuzalaniswa komaka wamangqamuzana kusheshisa kuphela ukukhethwa nokuzimisela kwezici ezihlosiwe zokuzalanisa.Njengamanje, ubuchwepheshe bokuzalanisa ngokushesha busetshenziswe ku-Gramineae, Leguminosae, Cruciferae nezinye izitshalo.Kodwa-ke, ukuzalanisa kwemboni yezitshalo ngokushesha kuqeda ngokuphelele ithonya lezimo zezulu, futhi kungalawula indawo yokukhula ngokwezidingo zokukhula nokuthuthuka kwezitshalo.Ukuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe bokuzalanisa kwezitshalo ngokushesha nokuzalanisa kwendabuko, ukuzalanisa uphawu lwamangqamuzana nezinye izindlela zokuzalanisa ngokuphumelelayo, ngaphansi kwesimo sokuzalanisa ngokushesha, isikhathi esidingekayo ukuze uthole imigqa ye-homozygous ngemva kokuhlanganisa kungancishiswa, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, izizukulwane zakuqala zingancishiswa. ekhethiwe ukuze kufinyezwe isikhathi esidingekayo ukuze kutholwe izici ezinhle nezizukulwane zokuzalanisa.

Umkhawulo oyinhloko wobuchwepheshe bokuzalanisa izitshalo ngokushesha ezimbonini ukuthi izimo zemvelo ezidingekayo ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezitshalo ezahlukene zihluke kakhulu, futhi kuthatha isikhathi eside ukuthola izimo zemvelo zokuzalanisa ngokushesha izitshalo ezihlosiwe.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngenxa yezindleko eziphezulu zokwakha kanye nokusebenza kwefekthri yezitshalo, kunzima ukwenza ucwaningo olukhulu lokuzalanisa okungeziwe, okuvame ukuholela ekuvuneni kwembewu okulinganiselwe, okungase kukhawulele ukuhlolwa komlingisi wensimu yokulandelela.Ngokuthuthuka kancane kancane kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemishini yefekthri yezitshalo kanye nobuchwepheshe, izindleko zokwakha nokusebenza kwefekthri yezitshalo ziyehla kancane kancane.Kungenzeka ukuqhubeka nokwandisa ubuchwepheshe bokuzalanisa ngokushesha futhi unciphise umjikelezo wokuzalanisa ngokuhlanganisa ngempumelelo ubuchwepheshe bokuzalanisa bemboni yezitshalo nezinye izindlela zokuzalanisa.

PHELA

Ulwazi olucashuniwe

Liu Kaizhe, Liu Houcheng.Inqubekelaphambili yocwaningo lobuchwepheshe bokuzalanisa ngokushesha bemboni yezitshalo [J].I-Agricultural Engineering Technology, 2022,42(22):46-49.